1. Retrieving Information

2. Retrieval Cues Retrieval cue: A stimulus for remembering
The more cues stored with a piece of information, the easier the retrieval

3. Retrieval Cues
Priming – the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
You see or hear something that predisposes you to interpret what you see or hear

5. Retrieval Cues Context-Dependent Memory State-Dependent Memory
Putting yourself back in the context of something can prime your retrieval.
Leave room to get something, forget, come back & remember
State-Dependent Memory
Mood-congruent situations: you remember better when in same mood you learned it.

6. Recall
Recall - type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues.
Essay, short answer, fill in blank types of tests
Retrieval failure – recall has failed (at least temporarily).
Tip of the tongue phenomenon.

7. Recall
Serial position effect - tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.
Primacy effect - tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.
Recency effect - tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it.

9. Recognition
Recognition - the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.
False positive - error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory.

10. Recognition Problems False positive: Father Bernard Pagano:
Occurs when one thinks that one recognizes someone or something but in fact does not
Father Bernard Pagano:
Falsely identified for a series of robberies that were eventually confessed to by another man

11. Eyewitness Testimony
Loftus’s “protester” study: What people see and hear after the fact can change their memories
Eyewitness testimony not always reliable

12. Memory helps Acronym Acrostic Linking Rhythmic Organization
Mnemonics - a strategy or trick for aiding memory.
Acronym
Acrostic
Linking
Rhythmic Organization