1. Climate
Lesson 1

2. Weather and Climate
Although weather and climate are related, they are not the same thing.
Weather - refers specifically to the environmental conditions that occur at a particular place at a particular time.
Temperature, air pressure, cloud cover, and precipitation.
The effects of weather are immediate and obvious.

3. Weather and Climate
Climate - is the average weather conditions that occur in a region over a long period of time, usually a minimum of 30 years.
Average monthly temperatures and precipitation, average wind speed and direction, and a variety of other data.
Climate is studied by climatologists

4. Weather and Climate
The climate of an area is affected by many factors. The four main factors are:
Latitude, elevation, the air masses that flow over the area, and the area’s nearness to large bodies of water

5. How Climate Affects Your Life
The climate of a region determines the basic needs of people who live there.
Clothing, agriculture, and housing are affected by the region’s climate.

6. The Sun: Source of All Energy
Both weather and climate depend on the amount of energy in a region.
Almost all the energy on Earth is initially solar radiation
Radiation transmitted as waves from the Sun.
Different regions on Earth’s surface receive different amounts of solar radiation. In general,

7. The Sun: Source of All Energy
Regions at or near the equator receive more solar radiation per square metre than regions closer to the poles do.
Some of the solar radiation that strikes Earth is absorbed by Earth’s surface.

8. The Sun: Source of All Energy
This solar radiation is converted to thermal energy in everything it touches.
Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of the particles in a substance

9. The Sun: Source of All Energy
A quantity of a substance at a high temperature has more thermal energy than the same quantity of that substance at a lower temperature.
Heat flows from a substance at a high temperature to one at a lower temperature. A tiny amount of the solar radiation is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis in plants.

10. Earth’s Biosphere
The climate of a region is also affected by interactions among components of Earth’s biosphere.
The relatively thin layer of Earth that has conditions suitable for supporting life. It is composed of all the living things on Earth and the physical environment that supports them.

11. Earth’s Biosphere Earth may be divided into four spheres
Biosphere (bio = living, Sphere = ball) ; The living layer around the planet
Includes – atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

12. Earth’s Biosphere
Atmosphere (atmos = gas) ; The gas layer around the planet
Lithosphere (lithos = rock); The rock layer around the planet
Hydrosphere (hydro = water); The water layer around the planet

13. Atmosphere
Air is the mixture of different gases found in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The layer of gas that extends out 300km from the Earth’s surface.
Major gasses – Oxygen and Nitrogen
Trace Gases – Argon, carbon dioxide, helium, methane, and krypton

14. Atmosphere
In addition to these gases, the atmosphere also contains atmospheric dust, made up of abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) particles.
Air quality is affected by the quantity of particles.
Smog, a word combining “smoke” and “fog,” occurs when soot particles combine with car exhaust in the air.

15. The atmosphere is subdivided into regions according to their distance from Earth’s surface.
These layers are described in terms of temperature, chemical composition, air movement, and density, which may differ from place to place.

16. Layers in the Atmosphere

17. Layer
Altitude from the Earth’s Surface (km)
Temp Range (°C)
Characteristics
Troposphere
0-10
20 – 60
• 80 percent of atmospheric gas by mass
• can support life
• contains most of the carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere
• contains almost all of the atmospheric dust in the atmosphere
• where weather takes place
As altitude increases in the Troposphere the temperature and pressures both decrease

18. • clumps of cells found but no other life
Layer
Altitude from the Earth’s Surface (km)
Temp Range (°C)
Characteristics
Stratosphere
10–50
0 – 60
• contains most of the ozone gas in the atmosphere, which protects living organisms from damaging high-energy radiation
• clumps of cells found but no other life
• Air temperature increases with height as ozone gas absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation.
Mesosphere
50–80
0 – 100
• very little gas
• Air is thin, and atmospheric pressure is low.
• fewer oxygen molecules (O2)
Thermosphere
80+
–100 to 1000
• Gas particles are hot during the day and cold at night.

19. The Lithosphere
The solid portion of Earth that floats on the semifluid portion of the mantle.
The lithosphere is home to many micro-organisms, plants, and animals, including humans. It is the outer surface of Earth (its crust) plus the solid part of the upper mantle.

20. The Lithosphere
It extends downward from Earth’s surface and varies in thickness from 5 km in the ocean to 100 km beneath the continents.
Only a few meters is warmed by the sun, the rest is warmed by decaying radioactive material

21. The Lithosphere
Movements in the lithosphere can affect climate. The science of plate tectonics describes how the different plates of Earth’s lithosphere move over the mantle.
When plates collide, mountains form. The windblown side receives rain while the other side is dry.
Volcanic eruptions can spew millions of tonnes of ash high into the atmosphere, blocking the sun and cooling the global climate for a few years.

22. The Hydrosphere covers 70 % of the Earth’s surface
All of the water on Earth.
covers 70 % of the Earth’s surface
About 97 percent of this water is salt water in Earth’s oceans.
The other 3 percent is fresh water. Groundwater, lakes, and streams, ice in snow and glaciers

23. Many different organisms, from whales to algae, live in the large water bodies of the hydrosphere.
Most organisms in the lithosphere or atmosphere need water to survive.
The hydrosphere is warmed by incoming solar radiation.

24. Interactions among the Biosphere’s Components
The components of the biosphere are constantly interacting and changing.

25. Earth’s Biomes
A biome is a large geographical region with a defined range of temperature and precipitation - its climate.
Each biome is characterized by the plants and animals that are adapted to that climate.
The Earth has 11 different terrestrial biomes.
The oceans are the marine biome which about 70 percent of Earth.

26. Earth’s Biomes

27. Dividing Earth into biomes helps scientists study and understand how the biotic and abiotic components of each biome interact and how the biomes interact with each other.
Biome divisions also make it easier for scientists to predict how different groups of organisms may be affected by changes in a region, such as a decrease in precipitation or an increase in summer temperatures.

28. Canadian Biomes and Climate
The six terrestrial biomes in Canada are tundra, boreal forest (also called taiga), temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, temperate coniferous forest, and mountain.
Mountains show several different biomes as you climb, with tundra at the tops of the highest mountains.

29. Canadian Biomes and Climate

30. Your Biome and You
Use your notes, and the handout to answer the questions.