1. Where’s the Air? The Air Around You Key Concepts: What is the composition of Earth’s Atmosphere? How is the atmosphere important to living things? Key Terms: Weather Atmosphere Ozone Water vapor

2. Weather is the condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place. Atmosphere is the layer of gases that surround the planet. – Imagine the Earth the size of an apple. If you breathe on the apple, a thin film of water droplets will form on the surface. Earth’s atmosphere is like that water on the apple, a thin layer or gases on the Earth’s surface

4. Composition of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is made up of a mixture of atoms and molecules of different kinds. Earth’s atmosphere is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and many other gases, as well as particles of liquids and solids.

5. Composition of the Atmosphere Nitrogen- is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. It makes up a little for than three fourths (75%) of the air we breathe. Oxygen- is the 2 nd most abundant gas in the atmosphere. It makes up a little less than one fourth (21%) of the volume. – Plants and animals use oxygen from the air and use it to release energy from food. – Oxygen is important for processes. It is fuel for any burning process and for making rust.

6. Composition of the Atmosphere Ozone- is a form of oxygen. The sweet smell you detect after thunderstorms is ozone, which forms when lightning interacts with oxygen in the air Carbon dioxide- is essential to life. – Plants need it to make food – When cells of plants and animals break down food, carbon dioxide is a waste produce – When something burns, carbon dioxide is released

7. Composition of the Atmosphere Other gases- although oxygen and nitrogen make up 99% of the gases in dry air, there is still 1% left which is made up mostly of carbon dioxide and argon and other trace amounts. Water Vapor- air is not dry because it is made up of water – Water vapor is water that is in a gas form; it is invisible, but not the same as steam – The amount of water vapor in the air varies greatly from place to place and from time to time – Water vapor plays an important part in the Earth’s weather

8. Composition of the Atmosphere Particles- Pure air contains only gases, but pure air doesn’t actually exist outside of a science laboratory. – Air contains tiny solid and liquid particles of dust, smoke, salt and other chemicals. – You can see some, but most are too small to see

9. Importance of Atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere makes conditions on Earth suitable for living things The atmosphere contains oxygen and other gases that you and other living things need to survive, in turn living things also affect the atmosphere The atmosphere is constantly changing, with gases moving in and out of living things, the land, and the water.

10. Importance of Atmosphere Living things need warmth and liquid water. – The atmosphere traps energy from the sun and keeps most of the Earth’s surface warm enough for water to exist as a liquid Also, Earth’s atmosphere protects living things from dangerous radiation from the sun and prevents the Earth’s surface from being hit by most meteoroids, or rocks from outer space.

11. Where’s the Air? Air Pressure Key Concepts: What are some of the properties of air? What instruments are used to measure air pressure? How does increasing altitude affect air pressure and density? Key Terms: Density Pressure Air pressure Barometer Altitude

12. Properties of Air It may seem to you that air has no mass. But in fact, air consists of atoms and molecules, which has mass Mass is the amount of matter in an object and can be measured in grams Because air has mass, it also has other properties, including density and pressure. A property is a characteristic, trait, or quality that something has.

13. Properties of Air Density: the amount of mass in a given volume of air is its density. – If there are more molecules in a given volume, the density is greater; if there are fewer molecules, the density is less High density- more objects in a given space Low density- less objects in a given space

14. Properties of Air Pressure: the force pushing on an area or surface. The weight of the atmosphere exerts (applies) a force on surfaces. Air Pressure: is the result of the weight of a column of air pushing down on an area. The column of air extends upward through the entire atmosphere

15. Properties of Air

16. The atmosphere is heavy. The weight of the column of air above your desk is about the same as the weight of a large school bus. Why doesn’t it crush you? Air pushes in all directions and the air pushing down on your desk is balanced by the air pushing up on the bottom of your desk. Air pressure can change from day to day. A denser substance has more mass per unit volume than a less dense one – Denser air exerts (applies) more pressure than less dense air.

17. Measuring Air Pressure A barometer is an instrument that is used to measure air pressure. Two common kinds of barometers are mercury barometers and aneroid barometers

18. Measuring Air Pressure Units of Air Pressure: – Weather reports use several different units for air pressure – Most reports for the public use inches of mercury. For example, if the column of mercury in a mercury barometer is 30 inches high, the air pressure is “30 inches of mercury” or just “30 inches” – National Weather Service (government) indicates air pressure in millibars. One inch of mercury is approximately 33.87 millibars- so 30 inches of mercury is approximately equal to 1,016 millibars

19. Altitude and the Properties of Air At the top of mountains, the air pressure is less than the air pressure at sea level. Altitude, or elevation, is the distance above sea level, the average level of the surface of the oceans Air pressure decreases as altitude increases. As air pressure decreases, so does density.

20. Altitude and the Properties of Air Imagine a stack of books. Which book has more weight on it, A or B? Air at sea level is book B. Sea-level air has the weight of the whole atmosphere pressing on it. So air pressure is greater at sea level. Air near the top of the atmosphere is like book A. The air has less weight pressing on it, thus has lower air pressure. A B

21. Altitude and the Properties of Air Altitude also affects density – As you go up through the atmosphere, the density of air decreases. – This means that the gas molecules that make up the atmosphere are farther apart at high altitudes than they are at sea level.

22. Altitude and the Properties of Air

23. Where’s the Air? Layers of the Atmosphere Key Concepts: What are the four main layers of the atmosphere? What are the characteristics of each layer? Key Terms: Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere Exosphere

24. Layers of the Atmosphere Scientists divide Earth’s atmosphere into four main layers classified according to changes in temperature. These layers are: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, and the thermosphere.

25. Layers of the Atmosphere

26. The Troposphere: – We live in this inner, or lowest, layer of the atmosphere. – Tropo- means “turning” or “changing” – Conditions in the troposphere are more variable than in the other layers. – This is where weather occurs – Average height is from 9- 16 kilometers – This layer contains almost all the mass of the atmosphere – As altitude increases here, the temperature decreases- at the top, the temperature is about -60*C

27. Layers of the Atmosphere The Stratosphere: – Average height is 50 kilometers from top of troposphere – Strato- means “layer” or “spread out” – The stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere and contains the ozone layer – The lower part is cold, -60*C, but the upper part is warmer. This is because there is a middle portion that has a layer of air with more ozone than the rest of the atmosphere. When ozone absorbs energy from the sun, the energy is converted to heat, warming the air. The ozone layer protects the Earth’s living things from dangerous ultraviolet (uv) radiation from the sun

28. Layers of the Atmosphere The Mesosphere: – The temperature drops at the start of the mesosphere – Meso- means “middle”, so the mesosphere is the middle layer of the atmosphere – Begins 50 kilometers about the Earth’s surface and ends at an altitude of 80 kilometers. – In the outer mesosphere, temperatures drop to -90*C – The mesosphere is the layer of the atmosphere that protects Earth’s surface from being hit by meteoroids

29. Layers of the Atmosphere The Thermosphere: – This is the outermost layer- about 80 kilometers above the Earth’s surface – This layer extends into space with no defined outer limit- it blends gradually into outer space – Thermo- means heat. This layer is very hot, up to 1,800*C. This is due to the fact that the sun strikes this layer first – You would not feel hot up here though, the particles of space are too far apart that they can’t collide with one another to transfer the energy

30. Layers of the Atmosphere The Thermosphere: – Divided into two layers: the ionosphere and the exosphere – The ionosphere is where the Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights occur – The exosphere, exo- meaning outer, is the part that extends into outer space