1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH. 22n 18o CLASS NOTES
Location, Pattern, and Structure of Cities

2. Urban Geography
Study of how cities function, their internal systems, & the external influences on them
Remember the Urban Hierarchy?

4. Development of Cities Influenced by:
Physical character of places they occupy…
(SITE / Absolute Location)
By a river
In a Valley
In Mountains

5. Jamestown

6. &… Position relative to other places (SITUATION / Relative Location)
Why Shenzhen has developed into a big city?
Lies next to Hong Kong
Benefits from econ. activity

8. Hong Kong

9. Shenzhen

11. Functional specialization in a national urban system: Cities specialize in certain functions; more significant centers serve a wider array of functions (Knox and Marston 2001).

12. Rank-Size Rule – In a model. urban hierarchy, population of
Rank-Size Rule – In a model urban hierarchy, population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank
Largest city = 12 million
Next largest = 6 million (1/2)
3rd largest = 4 million (1/3)
4th largest = 3 million (1/4)

15. RSR not work with Primate City!!!!

16. City and Surrounding Area
Every city has an adjacent region which its influence dominates
Hinterland – “behind the city”

17. Central Business District – “downtown” – the core of the city
Suburb – Outlying part of urban area – usually residential and adjacent to the city (SPRAWL)

20. N. AMERICAN CITY MODELS 1. Concentric Zone Model - 5 functional zones
Ernest Burgees – Chicago 1920s
BID – RENT Curve
2. Sector Model – Growth can extend from CBD to city’s edge – flow with features
Homer Hoyt
3. Multiple Nuclei Model – CBD losing dominant position
Chauncy Harris
(Review all in book!!!)

22. Concentric Zone Model

23. Burgess Analysis

24. BID RENT CURVE

25. N. AMERICAN CITY MODELS 1. Concentric Zone Model - 5 functional zones
Ernest Burgees – Chicago 1920s
2. Sector Model – Growth can extend from CBD to city’s edge – flow with features
Homer Hoyt (Chicago)
3. Multiple Nuclei Model – CBD losing dominant position – Several Growth Points
Chauncy Harris (LA)
(Review all in book!!!)

26. Hoyt Sector Model - Revision

27. N. AMERICAN CITY MODELS 1. Concentric Zone Model - 5 functional zones
Ernest Burgees – Chicago 1920s
2. Sector Model – Growth can extend from CBD to city’s edge– flow with features
Homer Hoyt
3. Multiple Nuclei Model – CBD losing dominant position – Several Growth Points
Chauncy Harris
(Review all in book!!!)

28. Multiple Nuclei Model

31. Los Angeles

32. EDGE CITIES
Shifting focus of urbanization away from CBD to outlying area (Suburb)
Suburbs develop own downtowns (Schaumburg)
Large amounts of office / retail space, industrial parks
Lost tie to central city CBD
Exurbs

33. Galactic City or Edge City Model
A mini edge city that is connected to another larger city by beltways or highways
A Large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area that function fairly independent of the central city

38. URBAN REALMS
Components of urban areas that function separately in some ways, but linked in the greater sphere

41. Cities Employment Structure
A %age work producing goods to satisfy demands (city’s Basic Sector)
Manufacturing plant
A %age work to keep the city itself going (Non-basic Sector)
Police, Fire, Garbage, Water

43. For every 1 Basic, about 2-3 Non-basic
Multiplier Effect – Jobs created in Basic create (more) jobs in Non-basic
Economic Reach – How far out a city can attract people to come in for its goods / services

44. Central Place Theory
Centrality – crucial to development of urban places and their service areas
By Walter Christaller
Attempts to explain how and where central places in the urban hierarchy would be spatially and functionally distributed

45. Central Place Theory Nested hexagonal market areas
predicted by Central Place Theory
DISCUSSION:
* What type of landscape and population density does this theory / model presume?
-Spatial model of the sizes and location patterns of settlements that serve as central places for nested hierarchy of market areas

46. Central Place Theory

47. Central Place Theory - Assumptions
• Geographic assumptions (Christaller, 1930s)
- “featureless” landscape on an infinite plane
- uniform population distribution
• Behavioral (economic) assumptions
- consumers shop at the closest place possible
- consumers do not go beyond the range of the good
- firms’ market areas equal or exceed threshold of good
• Hexagonal market areas most efficient
- nonoverlapping circles leave areas unserved
- higher-order central places also offer
lower-order functions
DISCUSSION:
* What is an example where your behavior conforms to the assumptions above?
* What is an example where your behavior does not conform to the assumptions above?

48. CPT - 2 Key Concepts
Threshold - is the minimum market (population or income) needed to bring about the selling of a particular good or service.
Range - is the maximum distance consumers are prepared to travel to acquire goods - at some point the cost or inconvenience will outweigh the need for the good.

49. Central Place Theory

50. Large cities serve as Econ. Hubs
The result of these consumer preferences is that a system of centers of various sizes will emerge.
Each center will supply particular types of goods forming levels of hierarchy.
Large cities serve as Econ. Hubs
Have most goods and services

51. CPT
Theory attempts to explain the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations.

52. 1. The larger the settlements are in size, the fewer in number they will be.
(many small villages, but few large cities)
2. The larger the settlements grow in size, the greater the distance between them.
villages are usually found close together, while cities are spaced much further apart.
3. As a settlement increases in size, the range and number of its functions will increase .
4. As a settlement increases in size, the number of higher-order services will also increase.
a greater degree of specialization occurs in the services.

53. Ex. lower order goods and services are: newspaper stalls, gas stations, groceries, bakeries, and post offices.
They are supported by a smaller threshold (population and demand).
Ex. high order goods and services are: jewelery, large shopping arcades and malls, Pro Sports Teams.
They are supported by a much larger threshold.