1. Fall Final Exam Review
AP Government

2. Theory & foundation Chapters 1, 2
Unit 1
Theory & foundation
Chapters 1, 2

3. Unit 1 4 characteristics of state: 4 theories on government:
Population
Borders
Sovereignty
Government
4 theories on government:
Divine right
Evolutionary
Force theory
Social contract theory

4. Unit 1 cont… 6 main purposes of government: 3 types of government:
Maintain order
Provide public services
Make economic decisions
Providing national security
Socialize the young
Collect taxes
3 types of government:
Autocracy
Oligarchy
Democracy

5. Unit 1 cont…
3 systems of government:
Unitary
Federal
Confederacy

6. Unit 1 cont.… Early influences on Am. Govt.:
Greeks!
Romans
Magna Carta
Glorious revolution
English bill of rights
Enlightenment & 3 philosophers:
John Locke
Jean Rousseau
Baron De Montiseque

7. Unit 1 Cont… Path to the Const. Early good relations turned sour
King George takes throne & England in debt
Series of acts/taxes placed on colonies
Colonies rebel form first & second Cont. Congress
Declaration of independence & common sense written
US wins war, moves from 2nd continental congress to Articles of Confederation
Articles weaknesses makes call for constitutional convention

8. Unit 1 cont… Path to Constitution cont.: Meet Philadelphia PA
Virginia plan proposed
Countered with New Jersey plan
Stalemate leads to Connecticut/sherman/great compromise
3/5th Compromise struck to settle representation & taxation in the south
Slave trade/Commerce compromise
Electoral college & presidential term length compromise
Federalists vs. anti-federalist debate over ratification!

9. US Constitution Chapters 3, 4
Unit 2
US Constitution
Chapters 3, 4

10. Unit 2 3 parts of US Constitution: 6 principles of US Constitution:
Preamble:
Articles 1-7
27 amendments
6 principles of US Constitution:
Popular sovereignty
Federalism
Judicial review
Checks & balances
Separation of powers
Limited government

11. Unit 2 7 Articles: 1. Legislative Branch: makes laws
2. Executive Branch: executes laws
3. Judicial branch: interprets laws
4. Relations among the states: full faith & credit, Extradition clause, immunities & privileges Clause
5. How to amend Constitution: formal ways
6. Supremacy Clause: highest law of land
7. Ratification: proof this government legit

12. Unit 2 cont… Amendment process: Proposed: Ratified: Informal ways:
2/3 of both houses of congress
National convention at request of 2/3 of states
Ratified:
¾ of state legislatures
By ¾ of states in state conventions
Informal ways:
Court rulings
Passing laws
Governing the country and addressing its needs

13. Unit 2 cont…
1st amendment: speech, press, petition, assembly, religion (Engel v. Vitale 1962: establishment clause)
2nd: right to bear arms, militia or people
3rd: quartering of troops, times of war vs. peace
4th: illegal searches & seizures
(Mapp v. Ohio 1961 exclusionary rule)

14. Unit 2: cont…
5th: grand jury clause, double jeopardy, due process, eminent domain, self-incrimination (Miranda v. Arizona 1966, due process, must inform of rights)
6th: speedy public trial, witnesses for, witnesses against, lawyer, nature & cause of accusation
(Gideon v. Wainwright 1964, right to lawyer)
7th: civil suits above $20 ($75,000), jury trial
8th: no ex. Bail, ex. Fines, cruel & unusual punishment (Furman v. Georgia 1972, rules in place for death penalty)

15. Unit 2 cont… 9th: power reserved for the people
(Griswold v. Connecticut 1965, right to privacy)
10th: power reserved for the states, or people (root of federalism)
13th: end to slavery
(Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 only citizens can sue, cant take away property from owner)
14th: equal rights, incorporation doctrine (BOR applied to states), citizenship for former slaves
(Plessy v. Ferguson 1896, separate but equal not a violation of equal protection under the law)
15th: right to vote on basis of color or previous servitude

16. Unit 2 cont… 16th: income tax
17th: senators picked by people & not state legislatures
19th: women's right to vote
22nd: limiting presidential terms, with max. time
24th: end to poll tax
25th: presidential disability, VP vacancy
26th: 18 year olds right to vote

17. Units 3
Federalism
Chapter 3

18. Unit 3
Federalism: system of government where power is divided between National, state/local
Difference: unitary one national government making decisions, Confederacy is a loose union of independent states come together for limited purpose
National vs. state: look over Venn diagram with powers for each, with some in middle they share

19. Unit 3 cont…
Supremacy Clause: states when federal & state laws at conflict Federal will prevail due to US Constitution
National govt. has become more powerful than states due to:
Implied powers/necessary & proper clause
Commerce power
General welfare
Supremacy clause
Equal protection clause
Obligations to each other Article IV:
Full faith & credit clause
Extradition
Privileges & immunities clause
10th Amendment: root of Federalism

20. Unit 3 cont…. Types of federalism & eras:
Dual: each with their own clear areas of power (layered cake) beginning to Great Depression
Cooperative: powers & policy shared between the two levels (marble cake) Great depression to now
It involves:
Shared costs
Federal guidelines
Shared administration

21. Unit 3: cont…
Fiscal Federalism: (1970s on) the main relationship between the levels; pattern of spending, taxing & providing grants in the Federal system:
Federal aid (Grant system):
*Categorical grants: (main source) of federal aid to states, very strict, only used for specific categories set aside by national; comes with strings attached of federal guidelines (non-discrimination provision)
Cross over sanctions: money in one program to influence & state & local policy in another program
Cross-cutting requirements: one federal grant condition extended to all activities supported by federal funds

22. Unit 3: cont… Federal aid (Grant system) cont.:
2 types of categorical grants:
1. Project grant: most common, granted on basis of competitive application (National Science grants given to college professors)
2. formula grant: the portion of funds you get is based on a strict formula that congress has created; not applied for by state, all states receive some based on formula (ex. Medicaid, child nutrition programs)

23. Unit 3: cont… Federal aid cont:
Block grants: to ease the burden & lengthy process; given automatically to states with discretionary power by state on how to spend

24. Unit 3 Cont… New Federalism (1980s to early 2000s):
Started with election of Ronald Reagan and really went into effect in 1990s when Republicans took control of Congress (1990s) for first time since prior to Depression
Conservatives being fans of state & local governments (anti-federalists), began giving more decision making and enforcement powers back to states (Devolution)
They also used more Block grants in giving states more power to decide how to spend money

25. Unit 3: cont…
Advantages of federalism:
A. More opportunities for citizen participation in government due to layers
B. Greater citizen access to government
C. Differences of opinion can be reflected in different policies in different states
D. Reduces decision-making at federal level, which could be overwhelming

26. Unit 3: cont… Disadvantages of federalism:
A. Resources are not distributed evenly, resulting in different quality of services (education, welfare, etc.)
B. Local interests can sometimes thwart national interests (ex.: civil rights)
C. Too many levels of government can be costly and inefficient
Can lead to voter fatigue.
(app. 87,000 government entities)

27. Court Cases Don’t forget to look over your Federalism Court cases:
Marbury v. Madison 1804: judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland 1819: implied powers
Gibbons v Ogden 1824: Commerce Clause
Heart of Atl. Motel v. US 1964: Commerce Clause
South Dakota v Dole 1987: General Welfare Clause
Puerto Rico v Branstad 1987: Extradition Clause
US v Lopez 1995: reversal of Commerce Clause
Gonzalez v Raich 2005: Commerce Clause (national market)
Gonzalez v Oregon 2006: Reserved powers used to push back by states
Windsor v US 2013: 10th amendment & equal protection clause

28. Public Opinion, Elections, Voting Chapters 6, 9
Unit 4
Public Opinion, Elections, Voting
Chapters 6, 9

29. Unit 4
Due to large population, diversity & lack of knowledge people’s preference for policy hard to reach
US on path to minority majority
Largest group African Americans
Latinos predicted to pass/be #1 by early 21st century
Asian Americans the most skilled & best off group
Native Americans, the worst of group, least healthy, poorest & least educated!
However, we still share a lot we call our political culture

30. Unit 4
American Political culture: The overall set of values widely shared within American society:
Politically: we prefer Democracy, not so strong leader or military rule, we believe in Rule of Law!
Economically: we prefer a capitalistic economy with some rules that is very friendly to private businesses with most of ownership in the hand of citizens
Scope of govt.: need for a limited government, w/larger role for individual, however do need some safety nets in place for those fallen on hard times
Pol. & Soc. Equality: we are firm believers in freedom & natural rights for all (both genders), w/.govt. role of making sure equal access & opportunity for all!
Civil Liberties: we find it to be extremely important & vital (speech/press), religion as important but within ones private sphere of life and not as part of public policy!

31. Unit 4 cont… How do we acquire our political socialization?
Family
Media
School
Most of our learning more informal than formal
How is our political socialization measured?
Public opinion polls (Gallup)
Sample population (1500)
Random sampling
Sampling error
Most of it done through digital dialing today

32. Unit 4
Political socialization: the process through which an individual acquires his/her own political orientation
Liberal: People who believe that government must take action to change economic, political & ideological policies & structures that maybe unfair
AKA: Left, Progressive, Democrat, Radical (extreme, straight ticket voter), blue states (election maps), Donkey (symbol)
Conservative: people who seek to conserve or keep in place the economic, political & ideological structures of society that have traditionally always been in place
AKA: Right, Republican, GOP, Tea Party, Reactionary (extreme, straight ticket voter), red states (election map), Elephant (symbol)
Moderate: People who share some liberal & conservative views
AKA: Independents, Purple states/swing states/battleground states (election map), cross over voters, possible 3rd party voters
Issues: economy, social, national security, balance of power (state v, national)

33. Unit 4 cont… Pros & cons of polling:
supporters: tool for democracy, keep up w/changing opinions on policy
Critics say it distorts the election process:
bandwagon effect
east coast vs. west coast
manipulation through wording
Political participation consensus:
Little more conservative than liberal, but changing due to minority majority
Conservative/liberal decided by age, race, gender, socioeconomic status
Women not so much minority but suffer from gender gap

34. Unit 4 cont…
Political participation: many activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue:
1. United States has a participatory political culture:
a % participate in Presidential elections
b. 39% participate in mid-term elections (off-year)
c. Local election turn outs usually 20%-30%
Two types of political participation:
1. Conventional: widely accepted modes of influencing government:
a. voting, persuading others, ringing doorbells, running for office
2. Unconventional: dramatic activities:
a. protesting, civil disobedience, and even violence

35. Unit 4 cont…
Political participation a class-biased activity w/citizens of higher socioeconomic status participating more:
1. differences decline when income & education kept equal, minorities actually participate more

36. Unit 4 cont…
8 Phases of electing President & VP: Nov to Nov :
1. Exploratory & announcement (ton of traveling speeches, fundraisers)
2. Primaries & Caucuses (closed vs. open vs. semi)
3. DNC & RNC
4. Face off
5. General election: popular vote
6. General election: electoral college votes
7. Congress certifies election
8. Inauguration

37. Unit 4: cont… Remember the evolution of voting:
Male landowners  15th Amend. All males  19th amend. All women & men over 21  24th amend. No poll tax; civil rights act of 1965 no literacy test  26th amend. All 18 year old and up
Exception: felons & non-citizens, those under 18 and those diagnosed w/mental illness

38. Unit 4: cont… Why do we vote?
Believe one party can do it better than other
High sense of political efficacy: their civic duty
How do we vote?
We must register first, to prevent voter fraud and only vote first
Why we have low voter turn out?
Different voter registration rules
Voting too frequently due to federalism
Hardly any difference between candidates
Solution: Voter Motor Act

39. Unit 4: cont… Non-voter: Low education Younger Minority Man Single
Profile of voter vs. non- voter:
Voter:
Higher educated
Older on average
Female
White
Married, kids
Possible union member/govt. employee
Non-voter:
Low education
Younger
Minority
Man
Single
Non-union member/govt. employee

40. Unit 4: Cont… 3 elements of a voter’s decision:
Party ID: strongest predictor of how people vote!
Voters evaluation of candidate:
Integrity
Reliability
competence
Policy voting (4 steps)
Retrospective voting theory: election affects policy and policy affects elections! Should I elect you again? Let me sing the Janet Jackson song again!
“What have you done for me lately?????”