1. What makes us intelligent Or Not so intelligent
Intelligence
What makes us intelligent Or
Not so intelligent

2. Theories of Intelligence

3. Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Is socially constructed thus…
Can be culturally specific.
According to this definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

4. Is intelligence one thing or several different abilities?
To find out scientists use FACTOR ANALYSIS:
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.
Charles Spearman used FA to discovery his g or (general intelligence).
He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a test predicted that you will do well in another.

5. Brain Size and Intelligence Is there a link?
Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).
Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.

6. Brain Function and Intelligence
Higher performing brains use less active than lower performing brains (use less glucose).
Neurological speed is also a bit quicker.

7. How do we Assess Intelligence?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure out a concept called a mental age (what a person of a particular age should know).
They discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance.
Hoped they could use test to help children, not label them.

8. 1908 Scale grouped items according to age
could now describe individual in terms of “mental age” – based on his/her performance compared to average performance of individuals in a specific age group
e.g., if 6 year old can perform tasks that average 8 year old can, has a mental age of 8

10. 1916 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
developed by L.M. Terman of Stanford University
first time the concept of “intelligence quotient” was used:

11. Terman and his IQ Test
A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?
A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?
A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?
Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
IQ=Mental age/Chronological age X 100.

12. Problems with the IQ Formula
It does not really work well on adults, why?
If a 60 year old man
does as well as an average 30 year old
then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!
That makes no sense!!!!!

13. Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists of 11 subtests and cues us in to strengths by using…..
Factor Analysis

14. Aptitude v. Achievement Tests
A test designed to predict a person’s future performance.
The ability for that person to learn.
Achievement
A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

15. How do we construct Intelligence tests?
Tests must be:
Standardized
Reliable
Valid

16. Standardization
The test must be pre-tested to a representative sample of people and
Form a normal distribution or bell curve

17. Famous IQs Leonardo da Vinci 220 OR 190 OR 180 William Shakespeare 190
Albert Einstein 190 OR 160+ 
Plato 180 OR 170 
Napoleon 180 OR 145
Pablo Picasso 175 
Bill Gates 173 OR 160 

18. Famous IQs Confucius 170 Norman Schwarzkopf 170 Marilyn Monroe 163
Mahatma Gandhi 160 
Richard Nixon 143 
Charlie Chaplin 140 
Bill Clinton 140 

19. Famous IQs Paul Hogan 140 Madonna 140 Shakira 140
Arnold Schwarzenegger 135 
Nicole Kidman  132+ 
Walt Disney 123 
Average person 90 to 110
Koko the trained gorilla 90 

20. IQ 170
Andrew J. Wiles (Mathematician; solved Fermat's Last Theorem) Judith Polgar (Formula based; Female World Champion in Chess)
IQ 180
James Woods (Actor) John H. Sununu (Chief of Staff for President Bush) Benjamin Netanyahu (Israeli Prime Minister) Marilyn Vos Savant (186) (Author) Bobby Fischer (187) (Former World Champion in Chess)
IQ 190
Philip Emeagwali (Extrapolated; Nigerian Mathematician)

21. Does Intelligence Change Over Time?
By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores.
Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

22. Cattell: Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence
Also used factor analysis, discovered 2 major factors:
Fluid Intelligence:
Non-verbal & culture-free form of intelligence
Related to a person’s inherent capacity to learn & solve problems
Used in adapting to new situations
Crystallized Intelligence:
What one has already learned through the investment of fluid intelligence in cultural settings
Highly culturally dependent
Used for tasks which require learned or habitual response

23. Cultural Differences in Views of Intelligence
China (Yang & Sternberg, 1997)
Emphasis on benevolence & doing what is right
Importance of humility, freedom from conventional standards of judgment, knowledge of oneself

24. Africa (Ruzgis & Grigorenko, 1994)
Conceptions of intelligence revolve largely around skill that help to facilitate and maintain harmonious & stable intergroup relations
E.g., in Zimbabwe, the word for intelligence, ngware, actually means to be prudent & cautious, particularly in social relationships

25. Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences.
He came up with the idea by studying savants (a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area).

26. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Visual/Spatial
Verbal/Linguistic
Logical/Mathematical
Bodily/Kinesthetic
Musical/Rhythmic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Natural
Learn More about Gardner

28. Sternberg’s Three Aspects of Intelligence
Gardner Simplified
Analytical (academic problem solving).
Creative (generating novel ideas)
Practical (required for everyday tasks where multiple solutions exist).

29. Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
First called social intelligence.
The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ

30. Cornelius & Caspi, 1987 The Everyday Problem Solving Inventory
Examinees indicate their typical response to everyday problems
E.g., failing to bring money, checkbook, or credit card when taking a friend to lunch