1. LINGUISTIC FRAMEWORKS
Graphology Grammar
Lexis Discourse
Semantics
Phonology Pragmatics

2. GRAPHOLOGY Letters / Print: Punctuation: Spelling: Artwork: Logos
Upper / lower case
Italic / bold print
Serif / sans serif font
Capitalisation
Typeface / font choice
Underlining
Punctuation:
Heavy/light use
Parentheses
Ellipsis
Asterisk
Inverted commas (e.g. semantic nuance)
Spelling:
Archaic
Errors (sic)
Deliberate mis-spellings (Kwik Save)
Abbreviations
GRAPHOLOGY
Artwork:
Illustrations
Images
Charts
Diagrams
Logos
Signs
Photographs
Layout:
Organisation of the text to guide the reader:
Columns
Paragraphs
Headings
Captions
Spacing

3. External reference to real world
Discourse
Authorial
Intention
Clarity of expression
Formality
Conformity
Deviance
Register
Style
Patterns of language
Textual Conventions
Choices
Structure
Focus
Coherence
Organisation
Content
Relevance
Interest
Complexity
Information
Emotion
Cohesion
See separate sheet
Audience
Class
Breadth
Age
Tone
Ironic
Serious
Playful
Manipulative
Challenging
Context
Cultural
Social Situation
Genre
Originality
Function
Code-switching
External reference to real world
Shared knowledge
Intertextuality

4. COHESION & CONNECTIVITY
Determiners
indefinite / definite articles
“Essential to the making of discourse is the capacity of language to connect across sentence boundaries”
Adverbials
Personal pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
Anaphoric / Cataphoric
Exophoric / Endophoric
Identification
Reference
General Implications:
General knowledge
Expectations of the reader
Grammatical Connectivity
Conjunction
Ellipsis
COHESION & CONNECTIVITY
Punctuation & Layout
How it helps the reader to follow
Context:
It is impossible to understand exactly what a piece of text is about without knowing the context.
Vocabulary:
Lexical Cohesion
Semantic Cohesion
Collocation
Repetition
Synonyms
Antonyms

5. PHONOLOGY Elision Vowels Consonants Contraction Phonemes:
Homophones
And sound-based
puns
PHONOLOGY
Influence of Spoken language features
Comic onomatopoeia:
Yikes! Eek!
Sound Symbolism:
E.g. bang, crunch, cough
Hesitation indicators (er, um…)
Supra-segmental features when indicated in a written text (stress, volume etc)
Contraction
Couldn't, wouldn’t,
He’ll
Elision
Gonna, wannabe
Phonemes:
Vowels
Consonants
Consonant clusters
Long or short
Plosive, fricative, nasal
e.g. twelfth, glimpsed
Prosody
Rhythm
Rhyme
Metre
Sound patterns
Sibilance
Alliteration
Assonance

6. SEMANTICS & LEXIS Figurative Language: Proportion of: Slang jargon
Metaphor
Metonymy
Simile
Hyperbole
Litotes
Proportion of:
Lexical items (content words) vs grammatical items (linguistic ‘glue’)
Slang jargon
Offensive language
Foreign words
Stereotypical Language
Original or predictable?
collocations
clichés idioms
catchphrases
Vocabulary:
Concrete or abstract?
Basic or sophisticated?
OE or Latinate?
SEMANTICS & LEXIS
Language change
Archaic words, neologisms
Acronyms, blends
Facts vs Feeling
irony, euphemism
dysphemism, ambiguity
allusion, humour
playfulness
Referential
Cognitive
Informative
Affective
Connotation
Emotion

7. GRAMMAR MODIFICATION Noun Phrases Adverbials VOICE
Ellipsis, omission, incomplete sentences:
MODIFICATION
SENTENCES
VERB PHRASES
VOICE
DETERMINERS and articles
Passive / active
Front / end loading
Missing agent
‘get’ passives
Word order
Varying the information structure: Fronting, inversion, cleft sentences, extraposition (See Crystal, Rediscover Grammar)
Theme and focus
Existential Sentences
Functions:
Declarative
Imperative
Interrogative
Exclamative
Types:
Simple
Compound
Complex
Subordinate clauses
Modality
Tenses
Noun Phrases
Pre- and post-modification
Adverbials
Subjuncts, disjuncts, intensifiers,
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Direct address
Vocatives
GRAMMAR OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE
Fillers
Dialect

8. PRAGMATICS Co-operative Principle Grice’s Maxims Politeness and face:
Negative politeness
Positive politeness
Conversation Rules
Turn-taking
Utterance length
Speech acts
Back-tracking
Back-channelling
PRAGMATICS
Cultural Allusions
Meaning in context
Subtext
Explicit Meaning
Implied Meaning