1. Human
Reproduction

2. Sexual Reproduction in Human
testis
ovary
meiosis
meiosis
sperms
eggs (ova)
fertilization
zygote
embryo
foetus
baby

3. Male Reproductive System
vas deferens (sperm duct)
epididymis
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testis

4. Testes For production of male gametes (sperms)
For production of male sex hormones
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5. Epididymis For temporarily storage of sperms
During copulation, muscles of epididymis contract to release sperms
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6. Testis and epididymis epididymis vas deferens (sperm duct)
sperm tubules

7. Male Reproductive System
seminal vesicle
secrete seminal fluid
prostate gland
Cowper’s gland

8. Functions of Seminal Fluid
To provide a medium for the sperms to swim
To activate and nourish the sperms
To neutralize the acidity in the female reproductive tract
Seminal
Fluid
Semen
Sperms +

9. Male Reproductive System
urethra
penis

10. Penis Erected during copulation for insertion into vagina Ejaculation
Dilation of arterioles causes the erectile tissue of penis become turgid
Muscles of epididymis contract
Semen is squeezed from the penis to the top of vagina
Ejaculation

11. Female Reproductive System
oviduct
ovary
uterus
cervix
vagina
Video of
fertilization
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12. Functions of Ovary For production of female gametes (ova/eggs)
For production of female sex hormones
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13. Oviduct Carries the ovum forward by
the beating action of the cilia on its inner surface
the contraction of muscles of oviduct
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14. Ovulation The release of an ovum from an ovary Video of ovulation

15. Menstrual Cycle Once in about 28 days
The uterine lining becomes thickened 14 days after ovulation to prepare for the fertilized ovum to implant in it

16. Menstrual Cycle Day 28 Day 6 - 14 Day 1 - 5 Day 14 - 28
Video on change in
uterine lining
Day 28
No implantation of fertilization ovum
Uterine lining breaks down; menstruation starts
Day
Lining becomes thicker with increased blood supply
Day 14 : ovulation
Day 1 - 5
Menstruation starts
Uterine lining decreases in thickness to a minimum
Day
Lining remains thick to ready for implantation of fertilized ovum

17. Events Happened after Fertilization
Ovum is fertilized at the oviduct
Fertilized ovum is carried to the uterus by
the beating cilia on the inner wall of oviduct
the contraction of muscles of oviduct
After reaching the uterus, the fertilized ovum fixed firmly onto the thick uterine wall
Implantation

18. Development of Human Foetus
uterus
foetus
placenta
umbilical cord
amnion
amniotic fluid
Video on foetus
development
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19. Functions of the Uterus
During embryo development
Protect the embryo
Provide a constant environment for the embryo to develop
Allow placenta to attach on
During birth of baby
Push the baby out by muscular contraction
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20. Functions of the Amniotic Fluid
To keep the foetus moist to prevent dessication
As a water cushion to
support the foetus
allow it to move freely
absorb shock
protect the foetus from mechanical injuries
To reduce temperature fluctuation
To lubricate the vagina during birth
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21. The Placenta oxygenated blood from mother’s artery
deoxygenated blood to mother’s vein
villus
umbilical vein
umbilical artery

22. Functions of the Placenta
As a place of exchange of materials between mother and the foetus
For secreting hormones

23. Adaptations of the Placenta
Finger-like villi
to increase the surface area for efficient diffusion
Maternal blood and foetal blood flows in opposite direction
to speed up diffusion of materials between them
Maternal blood capillaries and foetal blood capillaries are separated by thin membrane
to shorten the distance of diffusion of materials

24. Adaptations of the Placenta
Maternal blood is separated from foetal blood by capillary wall
to prevent high pressure of maternal blood to break the delicate foetal blood vessels
to prevent harmful substances to enter the foetus
to prevent clotting of maternal and foetal blood if their blood groups are incompatible
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25. The Birth Process Onset of labour
Uterine muscles begin to make rhythmic contractions
Contractions gradually become stronger and closer

26. The Birth Process
Further contractions push the placenta out of the body
“After birth”
Muscular contractions push the foetus head first through the vagina, and the umbilical cord is cut and tied
Uterine contractions causes amnion to break and amniotic fluid to escape out of the vagina
Dilation of cervix allow the head of the foetus to pass through

27. Could you survive
after birth without
the care of your
parents?

28. Parental Care To increase the chance of survival of the young
Mother feeds milk to the baby
Milk provides the babies with a balanced diet
It also contains antibodies which defend the babies against infection

29. Birth Control Human population increases exponentially
leads to storage of resources
problem of pollution becomes more serious
overcrowding

30. Using
contraception
methods
What can we do?

31. Rhythm Method
Prevent copulation during 7 days before and after ovulation (fertile period)

32. Condom Male and female condom
As a barrier to prevent sperms from entering the vagina

33. Diaphragm
Fitted over the cervix
To be used together with spermicides

34. Contraceptive Pills Contains hormones which inhibit ovulation
Must be taken regularly
May have side effect

35. Surgical Methods Tubal ligation Vasectomy
Cutting and tying of oviducts
Vasectomy
Cutting and tying of sperm ducts