1. 1 Iron and Steel Sector Overview Prepared for the CEC North American Strategy for Catalyzing Cooperation on Dioxins, Furans and HCB Source Control Workshop April 17-18, 2008 Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico

2. 2 Source Description and Overview Mill types: –Integrated (primary) - reduce iron ore to iron which is then converted to steel –Non-integrated (secondary or mini-mills) - take scrap steel and remelt it using an electric arc furnace Types of integrated steel operation in North America: –Conventional (coke ovens, blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces) –Direct reduced iron process –Steel from ilmenite smelting Non-integrated steel mills: –Smaller, simpler, more numerous than integrated operations –Represent a large fraction of North American production Following slide: –Generic process flow sheet; shows some of the major processes involved in conventional integrated and non-integrated steel mills

3. 3 Steelmaking Process Flow Sheet

4. 4 Processes Emitting Dioxins, Furans and Hexachlorobenzene Iron sintering plants –Can be very significant sources when present in the sector Electric arc furnaces (EAFs) used in the recycling of steel –Presentation will focus on this source type Downstream processing of steel (e.g., hot rolling mills) has not been shown to give rise to emissions of dioxins, furans and HCB

5. 5 Secondary Steel Production Generic electric arc furnace emission control system From: William Lemmon and Associates Ltd. 2004.

6. 6 Summary of Measures Primary Measures: 1.Pre-sorting of feed material 2.Effective process control 3.Process design 4.Good operating practices Secondary Measures: 1.Fume and gas collection 2.High efficiency dust removal 3.Afterburners and quenching 4.Adsorption on activated carbon

7. 7 Achievable Performance Levels For Secondary Metal Smelters and Secondary Steel Production facilities: The achievable performance level for emissions of dioxins and furans is < 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3. Note: 1 ng (nanogram) = 1 × 10 -12 kilogram (1 × 10 -9 gram); Nm 3 = normal cubic metre, dry gas volume measured at 0 °C and 101.3 kPa.