1. The Nineteenth Amendment
Mrs. Ann Hewitt

2. Who: Founding Sisters Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony
Lucretia Mott
Lucy Stone
Alice Paul
Carrie Chapman Catt
Jeanette Rankin
Thousands of other men and women
Suffrage leaders Mott, Anthony, and Stanton in U.S. Capitol basement

3. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)
Introduced to the law and gender inequalities by her father who was a judge
Refused to say “obey” in her wedding vows and to be known by her husband’s name
Became involved in abolition and women’s rights
Helped to organize the Seneca Falls Convention
Published books and wrote many speeches that were performed by others

4. Susan B. Anthony ( )
Became interested in women’s rights when an elementary teacher refused to teach her long division
Active in abolition and temperance movements as well
Founded National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) in 1869 with Stanton
Arrested for illegally voting in the 1872
"Where, under our Declaration of Independence, does the Saxon man get his power to deprive all women and Negroes of their inalienable rights?"

5. Lucretia Mott (1793 –1880)
Became interested in women’s rights when male co-workers were paid three times she was
Became a Quaker minister and preached abolition
Co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention
Worked for more equality in marriage and divorce

6. Lucy Stone (1818–1893) Raised by an abusive father
Fought to become educated
Joins women’s movement to improve the lives of women
Began public speaking about temperance and slavery as well
Encouraged women to wear bloomers
"If a woman earned a dollar by scrubbing, her husband had a right to take the dollar and go and get drunk with it and beat her afterwards. It was his dollar."

7. Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947)
Inspired to act after being sexually harassed in the workplace after being widowed
Traveled extensively to encourage suffrage in the states
Works out a compromise between various suffrage groups over methods to operation
Founded the League of Women Voters
“We are working for the ballot as a matter of justice and as a step for human betterment."

8. Alice Paul (1885–1977)
Used parades and speeches to draw attention to women’s rights
Later used non-violent civil disobedience to attract publicity (first group in US History)
Arrested for picketing and sentenced to prison
Hunger-strike was met with torture techniques by officials
Public pressure pushed passage of the amendment
Worked on Equal Rights Amendment through the 1970’s

9. Jeanette Rankin ( )
Thought that social conditions were worsened by lack of female suffrage
Claimed that women were taxed without representation
Felt that women who could vote would be able to better care for their families
First woman elected to Congress from Montana in 1916
Voted against US entry into World War I and II

10. What: Major Issues Who is a citizen? What are the rights of citizens?
Husbands and fathers directed the lives of women, making women essentially property
Women were prohibited from inheriting property, signing contracts, serving on juries and voting in elections.
Few employment options, and women were usually paid half of the wages of a man for the same work
Because women had no input into laws, is it fair to make them live under them?

11. Where
Worldwide Movement
Map

12. When Began as an issue during colonial times
Took root during reform era of the 1840’s-50’s.
Support declined after the Civil war
Rebounded in the 1880’s- 90’s as part of the Temperance Movement
Becomes law after World War I

13. Why: Arguments For
The vote would help women to get rid of other inequalities
Women would want more moral laws than men
Women are capable of understanding politics
Other countries are giving women the vote
The vote is a democratic right
Women pay taxes and so should have a say in what happened to that money
Some uneducated working men could vote but well-educated “respectable” women could not

14. Why Not: Arguments Against
Women were represented by their husbands and fathers
Women would be morally corrupted by politics
Women are too emotional for logical thought
Women had “separate spheres”
Women could not fight in the army
Most women don’t want to vote
The system works, why change it?
Women would stop getting married and having children, thus ending humanity

15. How: Abolition
Women were allowed to participate in abolition meetings and some became well-known speakers and writers
Many began to make comparisons between the status of women and slaves

16. Seneca Falls Convention
Meeting held July 19-20, 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York
Planned by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and other local women
Discussed the role of women in society including legal and social issues
Wrote and approved the Declaration of Sentiments

17. Declaration of Sentiments
He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.
Having deprived her of this first right as a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides.
He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.
He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.
After depriving her of all rights as a married woman, if single and the owner of property, he has taxed her to support a government which recognizes her only when her property can be made profitable to it.

18. Post-Civil War Conflict
Many women thought that they could received rights along with/in place of African-American men
15th Amendment does not mention gender
Movement splits between those who want gender included and those who want to add a separate amendment for women later

19. Women’s Suffrage Amendment Proposed
In January a suffrage amendment was introduced in Congress
Congressmen had no incentive to act on this issue
The amendment was buried in committee for nine years, and when the full Senate finally considered it in 1887, it was defeated by a vote of sixteen to thirty-four
It would not come to a vote again in the Senate until 1914

20. State by state Strategy
Who can vote is usually determined by the states
Suffragettes begin a series of state-level campaigns to win the ballot for women.
As women could vote in some states, they voted for representatives who would push the issue at the national level

21. Protest Movement
A parade was planned for the day before President Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration in 1913 kicked off protests
Parade was lead by lawyer Inez Milholland dressed in white on a white house

22. More than 5,000 people marched

23. Protests continue when WWI begins
Many thought that protests at the White House
during wartime was unpatriotic
Women were arrested for “obstructing traffic”
and sentenced to prison
Many suffragettes in prison started a hunger
strike
Prison officials respond by beating women and
forced feedings
People were appalled at the treatment of
women in prison

24. Wilson agrees to support the amendment after public outcry over treatment of protesters

26. Ratification
The suffrage amendment was finally approved by the Senate on June 4, 1919
On August 24, 1920, Tennessee became the thirty-sixth and final state to ratify.

27. Ratification
Map

28. Impacts
People thought that women voting would greatly change the make up of the political parties
Few changes actually occurred
Since 1964, more women vote than men in every election

29. Modern Day Debates
Feminism: a collection of movements intending to establish and defend equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women
Equal Rights Amendment that would have made gender discrimination illegal fails in 1982 to be ratified
Various laws have been passed protecting women from discrimination in the workplace and schools.
Women still make up far less than half of the representatives in government and make less money than men
Women’s reproductive rights still a controversial issue
Many countries still deny women basic rights

30. Women’s pay compared to men’s pay