1. How Compounds Form
Lesson 13
October 21st, 2010

2. Chemicals are everywhere
Every kind of substance that you can think of is made of a type of chemical or mixture of chemicals.
Water is a chemical, and the air you breathe is a mixture of chemicals.

3. Compounds
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined.
All compounds have properties that make them potentially useful as well as hazardous.
Understanding the properties of compounds gives us the knowledge to make use of compounds safely and responsibly.

4. Two Types of Compounds
A small change in the way the atoms combine can make a big difference in the chemical and physical properties of compounds. Although millions of compounds have been discovered, almost all of them can be classified as one of two types: ionic or molecular.

5. Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are formed by combining metals with non-metals in fixed proportions. An ionic compound is formed when one or more valence electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a non-metal atom.

6. Ionic Compounds
This leaves the metal ion as a cation and the non-metal ion as a anion. The two oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other by a force called a ionic bond.
The smallest amount of substance that has the composition given by its chemical formula is the formula

7. Ionic Compounds
Sodium chloride
NaCl is a 1:1 ratio

8. Ionic Compounds
Magnesium chloride
MgCl2 is a 1:2 ratio.

9. Ionic properties
Ionic compounds are solids at SATP. In their solid form they form solid ionic crystals. These are more commonly known as salts

10. Ionic properties
This structure provides ionic compounds with the general properties of high MP, BP and hardness. It takes a lot of energy to break the bonds between the ions.
Any movement results in shift in where the ions are lined up and thus the like charges repel each other and the compound breaks. This explains why many ionic compounds are brittle.

11. The Cross over rule
This rule allows you to figure out how many atoms you will need of each element for bonding to occur without the need to draw Bohr diagrams

12. The Cross over rule Step 1.
Write the symbols, with the metal first (the element with the positive charge)
Mg I

13. The Cross over rule Step 2
Write the Ionic charge above each symbol to indicate the stable ion that each element
Mg I

14. The Cross over rule Step 3
Draw an arrow from the metals charge to the non-metal and an arrow from the non-metal charge to the metal. (Cross over the arrows)
2+ +
Mg I

15. The Cross over rule Step 4
Fill in the number of atoms from each element will have by following the arrows.
If need be reduce to lowest terms (in other words, if they are the same number, you don’t write those numbers down because you could divide the whole molecule by that number which would = 1)
MgI2 (if the number crossed is a 1, the 1 is not shown)

16. Molecular Compounds
When non-metals combine, a pure substance called a molecular compound is formed. In molecular compounds, the atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. The atoms bonded together are called molecules.

17. Molecular Compounds
Ionic compounds can only bond to non metals in so many ways. Ex for every Ca we can only bond 2 F to it. Molecular compounds do not work that way. Molecular compounds can have various numbers of atoms bonded together to create various molecules.
Ex. NO, NO2, N2O2, etc.

18. Molecular Compounds
Due to this method of bonding there are thousands more molecular compounds than there are ionic compounds.

19. Molecular Compounds
Most molecular compounds share the following properties:
can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature
usually good insulators but poor conductors of electricity
have relatively low boiling points

20. Ways of Representing molecular compounds
Bohr diagram
ball and- stick model
Volume Filled model

21. Questions- Home work hand in
1. What is the main difference between a compound and an element? I (1)
2. What two kinds of elements join together to form an ionic compound?K (1)
3. What is an ionic bond? I (1)
4. How must atoms change so that they can join to form an ionic compound? I (1)
5. What physical property or properties could you use to identify an ionic compound?
K (1)

22. Building Molecular Models - lab
Chemists use models to gain information about the shape of a molecule. The shape of a molecule is a good predictor of its properties. In this activity, you will build ball-and-stick models of simple molecules using a molecular model kit.

23. Building Molecular Models - lab
Purpose
To represent the molecules of some common Substances