1. Project Quality Issues
Project Quality Management
- Plan Quality
- Perform Quality Assurance
- Perform Quality Control

2. Project Quality Management
Determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so project satisfies needs for which it was undertaken
Implements quality management system with continuous improvement activities
Processes and activities needed to manage quality :
plan quality
identify quality requirements and/or standards for project and product, document how project will demonstrate compliance
perform quality assurance
put quality systems in place, audit quality requirements and the results from quality control activities
perform quality control
monitor and record results of executing quality activities
The various processes and activities are interactive and overlap

3. Project Quality Management
addresses management of the project and the product of the project
recognises that quality and grade are not the same
quality – degree to which characteristics fulfill requirements
grade – a category assigned to a product with same use but different technical characteristics (e.g. high and low tensile strength steel)

4. Project Quality Management
quality management compliments project management :
customer satisfaction – understanding, evaluating, defining, and managing expectations so customer requirements are met
prevention over inspection – quality is planned, designed, and built in. Quality is not inspected in. Cost of preventing mistakes usually less than cost of correcting them when found by inspection.
continuous improvement – plan-do-check-act cycle is basis for quality improvement, and ongoing
management responsibility – success requires all members of project team to participate, but managers have responsibility to provide necessary resources

6. Plan Quality
Identify quality requirements and/or standards for project and product, and document how project will demonstrate compliance
Quality planning should be performed in parallel with other planning processes and activities

7. Plan Quality

8. Plan Quality Inputs Scope Baseline Scope Statement
contains details of technical issues and other concerns that affect quality planning definition of acceptance criteria influences project costs and quality costs
WBS
indentifies the deliverables, work packages, and control accounts
WBS Dictionary
defines technical information for WBS elements
Stakeholder Register
indentifies stakeholders with a particular interest in, or impact on, quality

9. Plan Quality Inputs Cost Performance Baseline
documents the accepted time phase used to measure cost performance
Schedule Baseline
documents the accepted schedule performance including start and finish dates
Risk Register
contains information on threats and opportunities that may impact quality requirements
Enterprise Environmental Factors
government agency regulations
rules, standards, and guidelines specific to application area
work/operating conditions of project/product that may affect project quality

10. Plan Quality Inputs Organisational Process Assets
organisational quality policies, procedures and templates
historical databases
lessons learnt from previous projects
quality policy endorsed by senior management
sets intended direction regarding quality for organisation

11. Plan Quality Tools and techniques
Cost-Benefit Analysis
compare cost of quality step to expected benefit :
- less rework
- higher productivity
- lower costs
- increased stakeholder satisfaction
Cost of Quality

12. Plan Quality Tools and techniques
Control Charts - indicate if the process is stable or has predictable performance - upper and lower specification limits indicate maximum and minimum values allowed - may be penalties for exceeding specification limits Benchmarking - compares actual or planned practices with comparable projects to : identify best practices generate ideas for improvement provide basis for measuring performance Design of Experiments - statistical method to identify which factors influence specific variables - conducted during quality planning to determine number and type of tests required (as well as impact on cost of quality)

13. Plan Quality Tools and techniques
Statistical Sampling - select part of population of interest for inspection (e.g. 10 engineering drawings out of 100) - sample frequency and size, as well as sampling technique to be decided Flowcharting - graphical representation of relationship amongst process steps Proprietary Quality Management Methodologies e.g. Six Sigma Additional Quality Planning Tools - brainstorming - affinity diagrams (logical groupings based on natural relationships) - force field analysis (diagrams of forces for and against change)

14. Plan Quality Outputs Quality Management Plan Quality metrics
describes how project management team will implement quality policy
component plan of project management plan
includes quality control, quality assurance, continuous improvement
Quality metrics
describes a project or product attribute and how it will be measured (may include tolerances)
the measurement is an actual value used in QA and QC e.g. on-time performance, budget control, defect frequency, failure rate
Quality Checklists
verifies that a set of required steps have been performed
used in QC

15. Plan Quality Outputs Process Improvement Plan Project Document Updates
details steps for analysing processes to identify how to enhance their value
component plan of project management plan
areas to consider :
process boundaries (purpose, start/end, inputs/outputs, date required, stakeholders)
process configuration (graphic display of processes and interfaces)
process metrics (along with control limits allows analysis of process efficiency)
targets for improved performance (guides process improvements)
Project Document Updates
stakeholder register
responsibility assignment matrix

16. Perform Quality Assurance
put quality systems in place, audit quality requirements and the results from quality control activities
assists in continuous improvement (and in so doing reduces waste and eliminates activities that do not add value)
processes should operate at increased levels of efficiency and effectiveness

17. Perform Quality Assurance

18. Perform Quality Assurance Inputs
Project Management Plan
contains information used to assure quality :
Quality Management Plan (how QA will be performed)
Process Improvement Plan (steps for analysing activities to enhance their value)
Quality Metrics
Quality Checklists
Work Performance Information -
information is routinely collect as project progresses, includes :
technical performance measures
project deliverable status
schedule progress
costs incurred
Quality Control Measurements
result from QC activities
used to analyse and evaluate quality standards and processes of the organisation

19. Perform Quality Assurance Tools & techniques
Plan Quality Tools and Techniques can also be used for quality assurance techniques
Quality Audits
an audit is a structured, independent review to determine if project activities comply with organisational and project policies, processes, and procedures
objectives are :
identify all the good/best practices being implemented
identify all the gaps/shortcomings
share good practices used in similar projects in organisation/industry
offer assistance to improve implementation of processes that increase
team productivity
highlight contributions of each audit in organisational lessons learnt database
Process Analysis
follows steps in process improvement plan to identify needed improvements
examines problems experienced, constraints experienced, non-value-added activities undertaken
seeks underlying causes and develops preventative actions

20. Perform Quality Assurance Outputs
Organisational Process Assets Updates
including quality standards
Change Requests
quality improvement includes taking action to increase effectiveness and efficiency of policies, procedures and guidelines
change requests allow full consideration of recommended improvements
Project Management Plan Updates
includes :
quality management plan
schedule management plan
cost management plan
Project Document Updates
quality audits reports
training reports
process documentation

21. Perform Quality Control
monitor and record results of executing quality activities
assess performance and recommend necessary changes
throughout project
may be performed by a specialist department within organisation
Prevention (keeping errors out of process) vs
Inspection (keeping errors out of the hands of client)
Attribute Sampling (the result either conforms or does not conform)
Variables Sampling
(the result is rated on a continuous scale that measures degree of conformity)
Tolerances (specified range of acceptable results)
Control Limits (thresholds which can indicate if the process is out of control)

22. Perform Quality Control

23. Perform Quality Control - Inputs
Project Management Plan
contains Quality Management Plan (how QC will be performed)
Quality Metrics
Quality Checklists
Work Performance Measurements
used to produce activity metrics (compares actual progress with planned progress) includes
planned vs actual technical performance
planned vs actual schedule performance
planned vs actual cost performance
Approved Change Requests
includes defect repairs, revised work methods, revised schedule
Deliverables
Organisational Process Assets
includes :
quality standards and policies
standard work guidelines
defect reporting procedures and policies

24. Perform Quality Control Tools & techniques
Cause-and-effect diagram Control Charts Flowcharts Histogram - bar chart showing how often a particular variable state occurred

25. Perform Quality Control Tools & techniques
Pareto Diagram
- specific type of histogram ordered by frequency
- rank ordering focuses corrective action

26. Perform Quality Control Tools & techniques
Run Chart
Scatter Diagram
Statistical Sampling
samples are selected and tested as defined in the quality plan
Inspection
examination of the work product to determine if it conforms to documented standards
also known as reviews, peer reviews, audits, or walkthroughs
may be used to validate defect repairs
Approved Change Requests Reviews
all approved change requests should be reviewed to verify they
were implemented as approved

27. Perform Quality Control (7 of 7)
Outputs
Quality Control Measurements
documented results of quality control activities (follows format in quality plan)
Validated Changes
changed or repaired items are inspected (will be accepted or rejected)
rejected items may require rework
Validated Deliverables
QC aims at determining the correctness of deliverables (therefore, conducting QC produces validated deliverables)
Organisational Process Assets Updates
including completed checklists and lessons learnt documentation
Change Requests
Project Management Plan Updates
includes :
quality management plan
process improvement plan
Project Document Updates
include quality standards

28. References
American Society for Quality (ASQ) Crosby, P. (1995), Why Quality Systems Fail, NATA News, September, p Crosby, P. (1996), Quality is still free : making quality certain in uncertain times, McGraw-Hill, New York , 1996 International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) ISO 9000:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements _essentials.htm Levy, S.M., 2007, Project Management in Construction, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, pages 211 – 228 Meredith, J.R. and Mantel, S.J., 2009, Project Management: A Managerial Approach, 7th Edition, Wiley, pages 521 – 539 Nicholas, J.M. and Steyn, H., 2008, Project Management for Business, Engineering and Technology, Butterworth-Heinemann, pages 332 – 357 Oberlender, G.D., 2000, Project Management for Engineering and Construction, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, pages Quality Assurance Association of Australia Smith, N.J. (Ed.), 2008, Engineering Project Management, 3rd Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, pages 46 – 66 Tonchia, S., 2008, Industrial Project Management, Springer, Berlin, pages 77 – 93 Wysocki, R.K., 2007, Effective Project Management: Traditional, Agile, Extreme, 4th Edition, Wiley, pages