2. “Chemical reactions underlie all physiological processes.”

3. Organic Compounds contain carbon covalently bonded
large - macromolecules
made by living things

4. C

5. C
– C – C – C – C – C – - C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C

6. Macromolecules

7. Types of Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

8. Basic Unit
Macromolecule

9. Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O12 + H2O + →
H2O +

10. Hydrolysis Reactions → ex: digestion
C12H22O12 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → +
H2O +

11. Proteins

12. Proteins C, H, O, N (and other elements)
basic building materials of all living things
made of monomers called amino acids

13. What do proteins do - video

14. Examples of Structural Proteins

15. Examples of Functional Proteins
Involved in Physiology
Antibodies
Hormones
Enzymes
Hemoglobin

16. receptors
Carrier molecules

18. Protein Structure

19. Basic unit – Amino Acids
20 different aa
7 are essential because we can not synthesize them (must be provided in our diet)

20. “R” group that is unique to that aa
amino group - NH2
acid group - COOH
“R” group that is unique to that aa

21. There are 20 different amino acids.

23. Amino acids bond together by having the amino group of 1 bond with the acid group of another - peptide bond.
They form a dipeptide.

24. Proteins are made of 1 or more polypeptide chains.

25. Polypeptide chains fold and wrap around each other to form proteins.

26. Some are in long chains, some wrap around each other, or are “woven” in layers.

27. Enzymes
Some proteins act as a catalysts - speed up reactions without becoming involved in them.
These are called enzymes.

28. Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react.
Such a site reduces the energy needed for a reaction to occur.

29. Enzymes Substrate- the substance on which an enzyme is acting
Active site- the area on the enzyme to which the substrate binds

30. Which one will fit ?

31. Enzymes enable reactions to occur without excessive heat (body temperature)

32. Enzymes end in ase Catalase Amalase
Note:

34. Denature- when an enzyme unfolds (looses its structure) and is rendered nonfunctional

35. Things that denature enzymes: Heat pH change
Addition of ionic substances
Animation- activity.html

36. Amino Acids
Proteins

37. Nucleic
Acids

38. Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary information
made of monomers called nucleotides
contains a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group PO4

39. 2 Kinds of Nucleic Acids DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
records the genetic instructions and transmits them from generation to generation
the “master” molecule

40. “reads” the DNA instructions and carries them out
2. RNA - ribonucleic acid
“reads” the DNA instructions and carries them out
the “slaves” for DNA

41. Nucleotides
DNA and RNA

42. From DNA to protein - 3D - video

43. ATP = energy
Cells use ATP for energy.

44. ATP → ADP + P + energy
When they are broken, a large amount of energy is released.

45. ADP + P + energy → ATP
In order to store energy, energy from food is used to bond a P back to ADP.

49. ex: muscle, hair, nails, web, horns, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin