1. [in English, wolverine]
Hello, my name is
Gulo gulo
[in English, wolverine]
Unit 13 – Taxonomy
In this unit, the summary is shown in blue, and the underlined words are vocabulary; the animation and video hyperlinks are shown in orange.

2. Shoe Sort TPS How would you classify your shoes?
If you had to create a cladogram [see below] to show the evolution of shoes, how would you do it?

3. Introduction
When you go shopping in the grocery store, similar items are often placed on the same aisle. Why? They are most often related to each other.
In science, classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.

4. What is taxonomy? Textbook Reference pg. 443
Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them into hierarchical groups (from general to more specific categories).
In this unit you will learn how scientists classify living things; the science of taxonomy.

5. Who was Carl von Linne? Textbook Reference pg. 444
Von Linne [AKA Carolus Linnaeus] was the Swedish biologist who in the mid- 1700’s developed the biological system of classification.
7 taxonomic levels [or taxa]
kingdom to species

6. Binomial Nomenclature Textbook Reference pg. 444
Scientists give animals Latin/Greek names in classification which consists of two parts:
genus + species [specific epithet].
Often use Latin because it is universal [worldwide] and not widely spoken, therefore, the meaning is not likely to change.
In Latin, nomenclatura = 
nomen "name"+ calare "to call" 

7. EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant lizard” and “king.”

8. Binomial Nomenclature Cont.
Always in italics
Genus name is written 1st, capitalized
Species name is written 2nd, NOT capitalized
EX scientific names
Homo sapiens (modern man)
Felis domesticus (common housecat)

9. Purpose for Classification
A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by regional name differences.
EX crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for….
Cambarus bartoni

10. Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for...
Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for...
Felis concolor

11. Purpose cont. organizes large amounts of information
Classification also reveals (or shows) evolutionary relationships between organisms

12. Evolutionary Classification Textbook Reference pg. 452
Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms
Biologists now group organisms according to phylogeny (lines of evolutionary descent), not just physical characteristics.

13. Mnemonic Foldable
Create a mnemonic to remember the sequence of taxons from general to specific D K P C O F G S

14. Modern Levels of Classification Textbook Reference pg. 449
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

15. What is domain? Textbook Reference pg. 1073
Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom.
There are three domains shown above.
Two are prokaryotic, one is for eukaryotes.
Domains in the News

16. Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria

17. Domains Cont. Three domains of life:
Three domains of life:
Archaea & Bacteria contain only prokaryotes.
Eukarya contains all eukaryotes.
Take notes from the following slides in a Venn diagram.

18. Domain Archaea
Members of the domain Archaea are bacteria [prokaryotes] that live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc) and many can only survive in the absence of oxygen!
Archaea were first found in extreme environments, such as volcanic hot springs. Pictured here is Grand Prismatic Spring of Yellowstone National Park.

19. Domain Bacteria
Regular everyday bacteria [prokaryotes] belong to domain Bacteria.
EX Salmonella
According to the Mayo Clinic there are more than 2,000 strains of salmonella bacteria, but only a dozen or so make people sick. Salmonella is most often contracted by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs. Image

20. Domain Eukarya
All of the organisms that have a nucleus [eukaryotes] are included in Domain Eukarya.
This domain includes a variety of life forms in 4 kingdoms:
Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Domain Animation

21. The Six Kingdoms Textbook Reference pg. 454-455
When organisms are newly discovered, they are identified, sorted, and categorized into one of the three domains.
Basis of classification:
Type of cell
Number of cells
Mode of nutrition
Take notes from the following slides in your NovaMind App.

22. Relevant Kingdom Vocabulary
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Unicellular = one-celled
Multicellular = many-celled
Autotroph = “self-feeder”, photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
Heterotroph = “different-feeder”, consumer or decomposer
Motile = organism moves
Sessile = stationary, does not move

23. Prokaryotic Kingdoms Textbook Reference pg. 456-457
Eubacteria – bacteria common to “YOU” and me
Cell Type: Prokaryotic, Unicellular
Energy: Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Archae bacteria – live in harsh environments (highly salty or acidic, high temperatures) ; mostly anaerobic w/out oxygen
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophic only

24. Kingdom Protist Textbook Reference pg. 457-458; Ch. 19
Protist – lack complex organ systems; require moist environments; first appeared in the fossil record 200 million years ago!
Eukaryotic w/ cell walls
Unicellular & Multicellular
Autotrophic & heterotrophic
EX amoebas, algae, kelp

25. Slime Mold = Protist

26. Kingdom Fungi Textbook Reference pg. 458; Ch. 20
Fungi – EX Molds, mildews, and mushrooms; first appeared in the fossil record 400 million years ago!
Eukaryotes w/ cell walls of chitin
Unicellular & multicellular
Heterotrophic decomposers

27. Black Mold = Fungus

28. What caused the Salem Witch Trials?
n 1692 some teenage girls in Salem, Massachusetts, accused a West Indian slave named Tituba and two white women of practicing witchcraft.  By April the girls began to denounce others as witches, including a former minister. In total close to 150 people were accused.
"Both women and men, such as George Jacobs, stood trial for witchcraft in Salem, " Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. U.S. History In Context. Web. 20 Feb

29. Kingdom Plants Textbook Reference pg. 458-459; Ch. 21
Plants – oxygen producers; create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color).
Non-motile (do not move)
Eukaryotes w/ cell walls of cellulose
Multicellular
Autotrophs
EX mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing plants

30. Kingdom Animal Textbook Reference pg. 459; Ch. 25
Animals - At the microscopic level, animal cells are different; they do NOT have cell walls.
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
EX sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, humans

31. Dichotomous Key
Taxonomists have dichotomous keys to help to identify organisms; a guide.
A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements to help identify an unknown organism.
Dichotomous key animation

32. What is a cladogram? Textbook Reference pg. 452
Derived characters – characteristics found in recent parts of a lineage through cladistics; used to construct cladograms.
Cladograms show evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
Caldogram animation
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES