1. Ch. 6
Chemistry of Life

2. White Board Activity- What are we made of?
What would it look like if we could see the things that make up our skin?
Draw a diagram to show this and come up with an explanation of what you would see.
What would an ever CLOSER view look like?

3. Different levels of organization
Cells…..
Cell parts (organelles)
Molecules- made up of more than one atoms
Element- made up of one type of atom
Atom- Smallest unit of an element
Compounds- made up of more than one type of atom
Check this out!

4. A few things to think about…….
Where do the atoms come from that make us up?
If the atoms come from foods we eat, why don’t we look like the hamburgers, french fries, and apples we eat?

5. Atoms
Small units of matter that make up everything

6. What are the main atoms that make us up?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

7. Elements
Here are some elements found in living things

8. What are some of the main molecules (compounds) that make us up?
Examples of molecules in living things are:
Water H2O
Carbohydrates (Lots of different kinds)
Proteins (1000’s of different kinds)
Fats (lots of different kinds)
Nucleic acids

9. Organic Molecules (compounds)
Compounds that contain Carbon (and Hydrogen)
Carbon can form bonds that allow organic compounds to have these shapes:
Proteins, carbs, fats, DNA are organic molecules

10. WATER Why is it soooooo important to living things?
A person can die within hours if it is HOT and they are sweating
3-5 days normally
What makes it different from other liquids?

11. Importance of Water to Life
Cools us off
Transports materials in the body
Dissolves materials (in digestive system)
Helps chemical reactions happen in cells
Makes up about 85% of your brain, 80% of your blood and 70% of your muscles

12. Unique properties of water
A water molecule has a negative end and a positive end
Water molecules like to “stick” together

13. Water molecules “stick” to each other
Surface tension- a “film” occurs on the top of water –
Water forms BIG drops because they want to be as close and as fully bonded as possible

14. Ice floats- less dense than liquid water
It is important so ice can float (lakes freeze from top to bottom)
Liquid Solid

15. Water resists temperature changes
Water doesn’t evaporate as easy as other liquids
It has a high specific heat- the energy it takes to raise the temperature of something 1degree Celcius
This is good for us- so lakes don’t evaporate in the summer.

16. Find these out as you read “the structure of carbohydrates,”.p. 162
What are carbohydrates made up of?
What do carbohydrates do for us (why do we need them?)?
What are the differences between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

17. Carbohydrates Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
All carbs are made of units called sugar units (glucose is a common one) bonded together
The formula for glucose is C6H12O6
The carbon bonding makes a sugar unit have a “stop sign” shape.

18. Uses of ALL carbohydrates
ENERGY for cells (and therefore us!)

19. Monosaccharides Mono = One Saccharide = Sugar unit
Monosaccharides are carbs that are made of single sugar units
The single sugar units are clumped together in food, but not chemically bonded

20. Monosaccharides Very FAST energy
Since monosaccharides are made of single sugar units they don’t need to be chemically digested- they need to be crushed up and then the sugar units can DIFFUSE into the blood stream

21. Disacchride Di= two Saccharide= sugar units
Since these carbs have 2 sugar units, the sugar units must be chemically broken down (digested) before the sugar units diffuse into the blood
Example: Table sugar (sucrose)

22. Polysaccharides Poly= many Saccharides?
Long steady energy source since sugar units are slowly digested apart and put into blood

23. Quiz- 6pts
Draw a diagram to show the difference between an atom and a molecule (or compound). Label parts of the diagram.
Explain 2 reasons why a living thing would die without water. Be specific and reference important jobs of water.
Describe 2 characteristics of water that another liquid, such as oil or rubbing alcohol, would not have.

24. Make up quiz
Describe the difference between a carbon atom and a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).
What are 2 important jobs that water does for a living thing?
What are 2 characteristics of water that allow it to exist in so many places on earth in a liquid form?

25. Review questions on Carbs
What smaller unit are all carbs made of?
What are all carbs used for?
When and why would a person prefer eating a monosaccharide instead of a polysaccharide?
What is the main source (food) that contains disaccharides?

26. Sources of Monosaccharides
Fruits, honey
Which would be a faster source of energy?
An apple or apple juice

27. Sources of Disaccharides
Any thing that contains table sugar

28. Sources of Polysaccharides
Any grain
Anything that contains flour
Potatoes and other “starchy” vegetables

29. FYI The names of carbohydrates end in ----ose Examples: Glucose
Sucrose
Lactose
Amylose

30. Lipids or fats Elements: C, H, O
Made of smaller units linked together- These units must be broken apart in order to get into the bloodstream
Functions: Stored energy (on the body), insulation, protect organs

31. Sources of Lipids Lard, butter, oil, and any food that contains these
Cholesterol- found in animal fat

32. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
Made of smaller units called amino acids
Functions:
Cell growth
Makes up hair, nails, skin
Repairs cells

33. Special proteins Hemoglobin Hormones
Found in red blood cells- attaches to oxygen
Hormones
Proteins that are put into the blood stream and cause something to happen in another area of the body

34. A special type of protein
Enzymes
Help chemical reactions occur in living things- act as catalysts
An enzyme fits with another molecule (substrate) in a puzzle like way

35. FYI- Names of enzymes Always end in ---ase
The beginning of the name is the same as the material it works on
Examples
Sucrase breaks down sucrose (table sugar)
Lactase breaks down lactose
Amylase breaks down _______

36. Animation on enzymes
overview of enzymes
- digestive enzymes

37. Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, N, P
Nucleic acids are made of smaller units called nucleotides
DNA- codes for proteins cells make
RNA- helps make the proteins coded in DNA

38. Sources of DNA
Anything made of cells

39. Macromolecules These are big (macro) molecules
Many of these are molecules made of smaller units that repeat over and over= POLYMER
What are some examples of macromolecules we have already learned?

40. Dehydration (condensation) reactions
A chemical reaction in which small units are linked to make larger molecules (polymers)
Water is released
A dehydration reaction would occur in your cells when amino acids are connected to make proteins

41. Hydrolysis
A hydrolysis reaction is a chemical reaction in which large polymers are broken down into smaller units
Water is used
A hydrolysis reaction occurs in the intestines when polysaccharides and proteins are broken apart into smaller units

42. Polymers
Polymers are large molecules made of smaller molecules that repeat over and over and are bonded together
The smaller molecules are sometimes called “subunits” or “building blocks”

43. Draw diagrams to represent each of these:
Atoms
What will you use to represent: nucleus (with protons and neutrons), electrons
Molecules (or compounds)
What will you use to represent: different atoms, bonds between atoms
Polymers
What will you use to represent: molecules that make up the polymer, bonds that hold the molecules together