1. Honors Biology B_5 Biological Evolution ADDITIONAL INFO
Standard B-5
Demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life.
Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18

2. Origins of Evolutionary Thought
Erausmus Darwin (1731): English Doctor
Grandfather of Charles Darwin
Proposed ideas of common ancestry
Carolus Linnaeus (1735): Swedish Botanist
Devised a standard classification system for living things; based on similarities and evolutionary relationships
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Scientific Names: Homo sapein (Genus species)
Georges Buffon (1749): French Naturalist
Proposed that species shared ancestors instead of arising separately
Rejected that the Earth was only 6000yrs old

3. Origins of Evolutionary Thought
James Hutton (1785) – Proposes that Earth is shaped by geological forces that happen over extremely long periods of time (estimates Earth to be millions of years old)
Thomas Malthus (1798) – Predicts that the human population will grow faster than the space and food needed to sustain it.
Charles Lyell (1833) – Explained that processes occurring now have shaped Earth’s geological features over long periods of time.

4. Origins of Evolutionary Thought
Jean-Baptiste LAMARCK (1809) read pg376
Proposed that organisms over long periods of time due to the environment (evolve towards perfection and complexity)
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (thru use or disuse)
Use and disuse of organs cause organism to change; organism change because they need to change; Ex: Bird doesn’t fly loses wings
Alfred Russel WALLACE (1858)
1848 made an expedition to the Amazon River and then Malay Islands (made similar observations as Darwin)
Wallace shared his findings with Darwin and Darwin presented Wallace’s essay to the Linnaean Society
Charles DARWIN (1859)
Sets sail on HMS Beagle ( ), the voyage provides evidence that leads to the foundation of his theory of evolution
(1859)On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (evolution by natural selection)

6. Stabilizing Selection
See Fig 16-7 pg399
Stabilizing selection takes place when individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness.
Extremes on either end have lower fitness so the curve becomes more narrow.

7. Disruptive vs Directional Selection
See fig 16-6 pg398
Occurs when individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than the middle or other end, causing the curve to move in one direction.
Disruptive
See fig 16-8 pg399
Occurs when individuals at either end have higher fitness than the middle, as a result the population splits into 2 subgroups – 2 distinct phenotypes

8. Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Purpose: Use the equation to predict genotype frequencies.
Values predicted by equation are those that would be present if population was in genetic EQUILIBRIUM.
Predicted values (frequencies) are compared to actual frequencies… if the genetic data does not match the population is NOT in equilibrium: it is EVOLVING
EQUATION: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p = frequency of dominant allele (T)
q = frequency of recessive allele
p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant organism (TT)
2pq = frequency of heterozygous organism (Tt)
q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive organism (tt)

9. Hardy-Weinberg Practice Problems
Complete the practice problems on the following website:

10. Extra Videos Transitional Fossils Time line of Earth:
Time line of Earth:
60 minutes web extras / dinos and birds

11. Linnaeus Classification System
DOMAIN (Eukarya)
KINGDOM (ex: Animal)
Kids
PHYLUM (ex: Chordate)
Prefer
CLASS (ex: Mammal)
Candy
ORDER (ex: Primates)
Over
FAMILY (ex: Hominid)
Fresh
GENUS (ex: Homo)
Green
SPECIES (ex: sapiens)
Spinach
DOMAIN Eukarya:
Includes ALL Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protista
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos

13. Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL STRUCTURE
NUMBER OF CELLS
MODE OF NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls w/ peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph Heterotroph
Streptococcus, E. coli
Archaea
Archae-bacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls w/out peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph Heterotroph
Thermophiles
(live in extreme heat)
Eukarya
Protista
Eukaryote
Nucleus
Complex
Organelle
MOST
unicellular
some multcellular
Autotroph Heterotroph
Amoeba, Paramecium,
Algea
Seaweed
Fungi
Eukaryote
Nucleus
Complex
Organelle
some unicellular
MOST multcellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms, yeasts
Mold
penicillium
Plant
Eukaryote
Nucleus
Complex
Organelle
Multicellular
Autotroph
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animal
Eukaryote
Nucleus
Complex
Organelle
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals