1. Generations of Computers
Lecture # 02
Instructor: Naveedullah Safi

2. ZEROETH GENERATION
Man used his fingers, ropes, beads, bones, pebbles and other objects for counting.
Abacus, Pascaline, Difference & Anylitical engines
Electricity was not yet invented
Abacus a simple device for calculating, consisting of a frame with rows of wires or grooves along which beads are slid
The Pascaline was the first successful mechanical calculator. It was developed in the 1640's by the mathematician Blaise Pascal
The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer

3. pascaline
Abacus

4. First generation computers (1940-1956)
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat
Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices 
They were very large in size and taking up entire room.
The computers in this generation used machine code as programming language..

5. The main features of first generation are:
Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported machine language only
Very costly
Generated lot of heat
Slow input and output devices
Huge size
Need of A.C.
Non-portable
Consumed lot of electricity
Magnetic Drum

6. Some computers of this generation were:
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650
ENIAC
IBM-701
UNIVAV

7. Second generation computers (1956-1963)
In this generation transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices
 assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used.

8. The main features of second generation are:
Use of transistors
Reliable in comparison to first generation
Smaller size as compared to first generation
Generated less heat
Consumed less electricity
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
Supported machine and assembly languages

9. Some computers of this generation were:
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108

10. Third generation computers (1964-1971)
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark شناخت of the third generation of computers.
 Single IC has many transistors.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.
Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.

11. Fourth generation computers (1971-present)
The fourth generation computer started with the invention of microprocessor. The microprocessor contain thousand of ICs.
The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971.
It greatly reduced the size of computer. The size of modern microprocessor is usually one square inch.
Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

12. Fourth generation computers

13. Fifth generation computers (present and beyond)
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence.
Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition.
The use of parallel processing is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language .

14. Fifth generation computers