1. Interest Grabber The Valve Detective
Section 37-1
The Valve Detective
Veins are vessels that carry blood to the heart. Along their length, they have one-way valves to prevent the backflow of blood. With a little sleuthing, you can figure out the location of a valve or two in your veins.

2. Interest Grabber continued
Section 37-1
1. Choose the longest vein you can see on the inner side of your wrist. Starting as close to your wrist as possible, press your thumb on the vein and slide it along the vein up your arm. Did the length of the vein remain blue?
2. Repeat this process, but in the opposite direction, moving your thumb along the vein from the far end to the end closest to your wrist. Did the length of the vein remain blue?
3. In which direction is your blood flowing in this vein? How can you tell? Can you tell where a valve is located? Explain your answer.

3. Section Outline 37–1 The Circulatory System
A. Functions of the Circulatory System
B. The Heart
1. Circulation Through the Body
2. Blood Flow Through the Heart
3. Heartbeat
C. Blood Vessels
1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Veins
D. Blood Pressure
E. Disorders of the Circulatory System
1. High Blood Pressure
2. Heart Attack
3. Stroke
4. Prevention of Circulatory System Disorders

4. The Sinoatrial Node Section 37-1 Contraction of Atria
Contraction of Ventricles
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Conducting fibers
Atrioventricular (AV) node

5. Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System
Section 37-1
Capillaries of head and arms
Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary vein
Capillaries of right lung
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Capillaries of left lung

6. Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart
Section 37-1
Inferior Vena Cava
Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Veins
Bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium
Superior Vena Cava
Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium
Aorta
Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary Arteries
Bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Aortic Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta
Mitral Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Septum
Right Ventricle

7. Figure 37-5 The Three Types of Blood Vessels
Section 37-1
Artery
Vein
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Endothelium
Valve
Venule
Arteriole
Capillary

8. Interest Grabber Designer Blood
Section 37-2
Designer Blood
The federal government wants to find ways to make the blood supply safer for everyone who needs blood. However, no one has yet found a way to find and eliminate all disease-causing agents in the blood. Imagine that you are the head of a biotechnology company and think that you can design a safe alternative — artificial blood.

9. Interest Grabber continued
Section 37-2
1. What characteristics would artificial blood need to take the place of real blood?
2. Do you think that artificial blood could completely replace real blood? Explain your answer.

10. Section Outline 37–2 Blood and the Lymphatic System A. Blood Plasma
B. Blood Cells
1. Red Blood Cells
2. White Blood Cells
3. Platelets and Blood Clotting
C. The Lymphatic System

11. Blood Transfusions Blood Type of Donor Blood Type of Recipient
Section 37-2
Blood Type of Donor
Blood Type of Recipient
A B AB O A B AB O
Unsuccessful transfusion
Successful transfusion

12. Figure 37-7 Blood Section 37-2 Plasma Platelets White blood cells
Red blood cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged

13. Figure 37-7 Blood Section 37-2 Plasma Platelets White blood cells
Red blood cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged

14. Figure 37-7 Blood Section 37-2 Plasma Platelets White blood cells
Red blood cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged

15. Figure 37-9 Types of White Blood Cells
Section 37-2
Cell Type
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Function
Engulf and destroy small bacteria and foreign substances
Attack parasites; limit inflammation associated with allergic reactions
Release histamines that cause inflammation; release anticoagulants, which prevent blood clots
Give rise to leukocytes that engulf and destroy large bacteria and substances
Some destroy foreign cells by causing their membranes to rupture; some develop into cells that produce antibodies, which target specific foreign substances

16. Figure 37-10 Blood Clotting
Section 37-2
Break in Capillary Wall
Blood vessels injured.
Clumping of Platelets
Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin..
Clot Forms
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents further loss of blood..

17. Figure 37-12 The Lymphatic System
Section 37-2
Superior vena cava
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic duct
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels

18. Interest Grabber Hold That Breath!
Section 37-3
Hold That Breath!
Do not perform this activity if you have any breathing problems. Working with a partner, count the number of breaths you take in 15 seconds. Multiply that number by 4 for the number of breaths per minute. Your partner will act as the timer/recorder. Repeat the procedure three times and take an average. Now, take a deep breath and hold it for as long as you can. Have your partner record your time. Repeat the procedure three times and take an average. Switch roles with your partner and repeat the procedure. Exchange data with other groups and answer the following questions.

19. Interest Grabber continued
Section 37-3
1. What was the range of breathing rates?
2. Why are there differences in breathing rates among members of the class?
3. What was the average length of time classmates could hold their breath?
4. What factors might affect how long you could hold your breath?
5. A child having a tantrum declares she is going to hold her breath “until I turn blue!” Do you think this is possible? Explain your answer.

20. Section Outline 37–3 The Respiratory System A. What Is Respiration?
B. The Human Respiratory System
C. Gas Exchange
D. Breathing
E. How Breathing Is Controlled
F. Tobacco and the Respiratory System
1. Substances in Tobacco
2. Diseases Caused by Smoking
3. Smoking and the Nonsmoker
4. Dealing With Tobacco

21. carbon dioxide exchange at
Flowchart
Section 37-3
Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide In and Out of the Respiratory System
Nasal
cavities
Oxygen-rich
air from environment
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Oxygen and
carbon dioxide exchange at
alveoli
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Nasal
cavities
Carbon
dioxide-rich
air to the environment
Trachea
Pharynx

22. Figure 37-14 The Respiratory System
Section 37-3
Pharynx
Nose
Larynx
Trachea
Mouth
Lung
Bronchiole
Epiglottis
Bronchus
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Diaphragm
Capillaries
Edge of
pleural membrane

23. Figure 37-15 Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Section 37-3
Alveoli
Bronchiole
Capillary

24. Figure 37-16 The Mechanics of Breathing
Section 37-3
Air exhaled
Air inhaled
Rib cage descends
Rib cage rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation

25. Figure 37-16 The Mechanics of Breathing
Section 37-3
Air exhaled
Air inhaled
Rib cage descends
Rib cage rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation