1. Energy is not a substance! Energy has no direction!
ENERGY: the _________________________________ _________________________________
When you do work on an object, you ___________________ energy to that object.
Whenever work is done, energy is __________________________________ or __________________________________ to another system.
Energy is also measured in ______________
Energy is not a substance!
Energy has no direction!

2. Energy Systems Scientist study energy ___________________________.
Boundaries define a system and are set by the observer.
Systems may be ____________________________
CLOSED SYSTEM: the flow of energy into and out of a system is small enough that it can be ignored
OPEN SYSTEM: the system exchanges energy with the space that surrounds it.

3. KINETIC ENERGY (KE or EK): Energy of a _________________________________due to the object’s motion.
Kinetic energy depends on…
____________: more mass = more EK
________________: faster = more EK
Kinetic Energy Equation
Kinetic Energy = ½ x mass x speed squared
EK = ½mv2

4. Potential energy is _________________________________
POTENTIAL ENERGY: Energy that an object has because of the __________________________________________________________________
Potential energy is _________________________________
There are many types of potential energy that we will cover…
Gravitational
Elastic
Chemical
Electrical
Magnetic
Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy = _________________________________

5. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY (GPE or EG):
Energy an object has due to its relative height
Gravitational potential energy (EG) depends on:
____________________: more mass = more EG
____________________: higher = more EG
Gravitational free-fall ______________________: 9.81m/s2 (same everywhere on Earth)
Gravitational Potential Energy Equation
GPE = mass (m) x free-fall acceleration (g) x height (h)
EG = _________________

6. Energy doesn’t appear out of nowhere.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: States that energy cannot be _______________________________ or ________________________________
Energy doesn’t appear out of nowhere.
Whenever the total energy in a system increases, it must be due to energy that enters the system from an external source.
Energy is __________________________ to another type or _______________________ to another system/object.
Energy doesn’t disappear, but it can be changed to another form.

7. Energy Transfers and Transformations
Example:
GPE & KE
Energy readily ______________ from one form to another.
12kg
7kg A) B) C)
7kg
5 m
5 m
3 m D) E)
7kg
5 m
7kg
5 m

8. Energy Transfers and Transformations
Which one of the spheres has the most gravitational potential energy?
Which one of the spheres has the most kinetic energy?
What is the gravitational potential energy of the system in A?
What is the kinetic energy of the system in D?
Which sphere has kinetic and gravitational potential energy present?

9. Let the mass of the skier be 50kg and g= 10m/s2
Kinetic Energy (KE)
Gravitational Potential Energy (PE)
Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy = (Total) Mechanical Energy

10. Types of Energy 2 Main Energies we focus on:
_________________________________
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
Other types of potential energy we study:
Elastic Potential
Electrical Potential
Other types of nonmechanical energy we study:
Thermal
Sound
Mechanical Energy at a larger level

11. ELASTIC POTENTIAL: Energy stored in any type of ______________________________ or __________________________________ material
Such as a spring or a rubber band.
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL: Energy stored due to the relative __________________________ of the atoms a substance contains and the _____________________________________ between the atoms.
Fossil fuels
Batteries
Food
Chemical Reactions

12. ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL
Electricity is derived from the flow of _______________________________________(electrons )
Electric current running through appliances
Electrostatic energy comes from a separation of _______________________________________________
Lightning bolt
MAGNETIC POTENTIAL: Energy derived from the _______________________________________ of materials.

13. Electromagnetic Energy
Flow of electrons (electricity) from a battery to a light bulb

14. ELECTROMAGNETIC (LIGHT): Energy in the form of _________________ that includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma rays.
Only energy that can travel through a vacuum (empty space)
Living things ultimately get energy from the Sun.
Plants use photosynthesis to turn the energy in sunlight into
________________________________________________
SOUND ENERGY

15. NUCLEAR (2 TYPES)
NUCLEAR FUSION: _______________________________________
Process in Sun and other stars
Can’t be used in power plants yet – too hard to control
NO radioactive waste
NUCLEAR FISSION: _______________________________________
Process in nuclear power plants and submarines
Creates radioactive waste
THERMAL: The kinetic energy of _________________________________________________ vibrating is related to heat and temperature.
Lots of systems lose energy in the form of thermal energy
More thermal energy = hotter = atoms move faster
Less thermal energy = cooler = atoms move slower