1. Biology 11 Taxonomy

2. Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
State the levels of classification and the man who created the classification system
Describe the 3 domains and the 4 kingdoms
Discuss the relatedness of organisms based on their classification

3. Introduction Recall: 1) Life is both similar and diverse
2) Evolution helps us understand who is related to who
BUT….How do we organize and make sense of all these different life forms?

4. Taxonomy The solution to this problem is taxonomy
Based upon Carl Linneaus’ system of Binomial Nomenclature.
(name in 2 parts, based on Latin words)

5. Classification Problem
Any classification system is artificial and based upon the relationships that seem important to the person classifying. This is called Personal Bias.

6. Classifications
The first question in taxonomy is: What are the main divisions?
There used to be only 2 kingdoms: plants and animals.
Now, the latest classification system employs a “supercategory” called Domains.

7. Domains

8. Domain Archaea This includes the Kingdom Archaebacteria.
They include forms of bacteria today that live in the most extreme conditions such as hot springs and sulfur pools.
Also includes:
Methanogens
Halophiles

9. Domain Archaea Characteristics: Obligate anaerobes Microscopic
Prokaryotic
Have a cell wall but lacking peptidoglycan
DNA unique to Archaea
Live in extreme environments

10. Domain Bacteria
Includes most of the prokaryotes and all the bacteria (Kingdom Eubacteria) that we are familiar with.
Staphylococcus aureus

11. Eubacteria Characteristics: Aerobes Prokaryotes
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
DNA unique to Eubacteria
Microscopic
Live in moderate environments

12. Domain Eukarya
This is a huge domain that includes all the eukaryotic organisms.
In this domain, we will see and use the more conventional 7 levels of classification.
We divide this domain into four kingdoms:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

13. Kingdom 1: Protista Eukaryotic cells
Mostly unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular
Motile
Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Mostly asexual reproduction
“Catch-all”
<--A protozoan
<--An algae

14. Kingdom 2: Fungi Eukaryotic cells
Uni-, colonial- or multi-cellular (yeast 1 cell)
Non motile
Decomposers
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Spore formers
Aspergillius, a bread mold

15. Kingdom 3: Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Mostly on land
Eukaryotic cells
Non motile
Asexual and sexual reproduction

17. Kingdom 4: Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic
Largest group is the Arthropods = 70% of all animals
Eukaryotic cells
Motile
Sexual and asexual reproduction
A jumping spider

18. Conclusion
Taxonomy shows us where a species diverged from its relatives.
Let’s use humans, the house cat, and a maple tree as examples to illustrate this:

19. Examples of Taxonomic Classification
Human House Cat Maple Tree
Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae
Phylum Chordata Chordata Tracheophyta
Class Mammalia Mammalia Angiospermidea
Order Primata Carnivora Sapindales
Family Hominidia Felidia Aceridea
Genus Homo Felis Acer
Species sapiens catus rubrum
We use the genus and species name to identify organisms.
Ex. Homo sapiens, Felis catus

20. Examples of Taxonomic Classification
Human House Cat Maple Tree
Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae
Phylum Chordata Chordata Tracheophyta
Class Mammalia Mammalia Angiospermidea
Order Primata Carnivora Sapindales
Family Hominidia Felidia Aceridea
Genus Homo Felis Acer
Species sapiens catus rubrum
Notice that the Genus is capitalized, and the species is not. The name should be in italics if typed or underlined if printed.
We use the genus and species name to identify organisms.
Ex. Homo sapiens, Felis catus

21. Examples of Taxonomic Classification
House Cat Lion
Domain Eukarya Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia
Order Carnivora Carnivora
Family Felidae Pantherinae
Genus Felis Panthera
Species catus leo
We use the genus and species name to identify organisms.
How do we identify lions?
Panthera leo

22. Poster Time! Make a poster of one of the groups of organisms
Be sure your poster is large and correct as these are going to be posted around the room all year!
(a great “cheating” tool perhaps?!!?)