1. Additional Research Approaches
Chapter 12
Additional Research Approaches
Chapter 12
Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al

2. Conducting & Reading Research
Historical Approach
Goal: Record and understand events of the past
Problems:
Chapter 12
Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al

3. Sources of Historical Data
Primary sources
original documents, physical artifacts, people who were eyewitnesses
Secondary sources
textbooks, newspapers, abstracts, almanacs, encyclopedias, bibliographies (some of these may sometimes be primary sources)
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Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al

4. Evaluating Historical Data
criticism
Test physical and chemical properties of items to confirm age, authorship
Test signature, script, handwriting, spelling, and type to confirm authenticity
Check consistency in language use, time-sensitive knowledge and technology
Assess meaning and content of item
Assess value of data
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Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al

5. Oral History - Techniques
Taped history should also be writted and edited by primary source
Content should use researcher’s notes as must as possible
Questioning must be conducted carefully (no leading questions)
Interview sessions should be short
Topics should be given to interviewee in advance
Researcher should be well-read in topic
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Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al

6. Biographical Research
Humanizes past
Use lots of primary sources
Difficulties:
May or may not be testing a hypothesis
Chapter 12
Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al

7. Epidemiological Approach
Descriptive: identify patterns, trends, etc.
May attempt to determine causation
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Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al

8. Conducting & Reading Research
Research designs
Cohort studies ( studies)
Case-control studies ( studies)
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Conducting & Reading Research
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9. Ten Principles of Causal Inference
Strength of Association
Dose-Response Relationship
Independence
Temporal Sequence
Persistence
Alterability
Agreement
Consistency
Biologic Plausibility
Experimental Confirmation
Chapter 12
Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al

10. Strength of Association
Relative Risk – likelihood that a group with a risk factor will have a health characteristic in comparison to a group without risk factor
Odds-ratio – Estimate of relative risk
Attributable Risk – Percentage of cases in the total group that occur in the group with a risk factor.
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Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al

11. Single Participant Approach
May include more than one “subject”
Baseline measure obtained for each participant, compared to post-treatment score
Do not analyze data as group, based on idea that some treatments may work only in some individuals
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Conducting & Reading Research
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12. Conducting & Reading Research
Creative Activities
Examples: dance, skillful performers, development of novel computer programs for various purposes, gymnastics, development of new piece of equipment or new procedure
Chapter 12
Conducting & Reading Research
Baumgartner et al