1. Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 3
Cells
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2. 3.1: Introduction
The basic organizational structure of the human body is the cell.
There are trillion cells in the human body.
Differentiation is when cells specialize.
As a result of differentiation, cells vary in size and shape due to their unique function.

3. 3.2: A Composite Cell Also called a ‘typical’ cell
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Also called a ‘typical’
cell
Major parts include:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Flagellum
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Microtubules
Basal body
Cell membrane
Centrioles
Rough
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Smooth
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microvilli
Secretory
vesicles
Cilia
Golgi
apparatus
Microtubule
Microtubules L
ysosomes

4. Cell Membrane (aka Plasma Membrane)
Outer limit of the cell
Controls what moves in and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
Phospholipid bilayer
Water-soluble “heads” form surfaces (hydrophilic)
Water-insoluble “tails” form interior (hydrophobic)
Permeable to lipid-soluble substances
Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane
Proteins:
Receptors
Pores, channels and carriers
Enzymes
CAMS
Self-markers

5. a: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Cell Membrane
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Extracellular side
of membrane
Glycolipid
Carbohydrate
Fibrous protein
Glycoprotein
Cell membrane
(b)
“Heads” of
phospholipid
Double
layer of
Phospholipid
molecules
“Tails” of
phospholipid
Cholesterol
molecules
Globular
protein
Hydrophobic
fatty acid
“tail”
(a)
a: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Cytoplasmic side
of membrane
Hydrophilic
Phosphate
“head”

6. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
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Guide cells on the move
Selectin – allows white blood cells to “anchor”
White blood cell
Attachment
(rolling)
Selectin
Integrin – guides white blood cells through capillary walls
Carbohydrates
on capillary wall
Adhesion
Adhesion
receptor proteins
Integrin
Important for growth of embryonic tissue
Blood vessel
lining cell
Exit
Splinter
Important for growth of nerve cells

7. Cytoplasm Cytosol = water Organelles = solids
Cytoplasm is really like a Jello fruit salad where the Jello is the cytosol and the fruits (oranges, grapes, bananas, maybe walnuts, etc.) are the organelles.

8. Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles
Transport system
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes
Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis
Added to proteins arriving from rough ER
Break down of drugs
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Membranes
Membranes
Ribosomes
(b)
(c)
Ribosomes
Free floating or connected to ER
Provide structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form protein

9. a: © Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Organelles
Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened, membranous sacs
Modifies, packages and delivers proteins
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Vesicles
Membranous sacs
Store substances
Inner membrane
Cristae
Mitochondria
Membranous sacs with inner partitions
Generate energy
Outer membrane
(a)
(b)
a: © Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.

10. a: © Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
Organelles
Lysosomes
Enzyme-containing sacs
Digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances
Centrosome
Two rod-like centrioles
Used to produce cilia and flagella
Distributes chromosomes during cell division
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Peroxisomes
Enzyme-containing sacs
Break down organic molecules
Centriole
(cross-section)
Centriole
(longitudinal section)
(a)
a: © Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
(b)

11. Organelles Cilia Short hair-like projections
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Cilia
Short hair-like projections
Propel substances on cell surface
Flagellum
Long tail-like projection
Provides motility to sperm
a: © Oliver Meckes/Photo Researchers, Inc.
© Colin Anderson/Brand X/CORBIS

12. © M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited
Organelles
Microfilaments and microtubules
Thin rods and tubules
Support cytoplasm
Allows for movement of
organelles
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Microtubules
Inclusions
Temporary nutrients and pigments
Microfilaments
© M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited