1. The European Challenge.

2. In this chapter you will discover:
About the ‘Age of Revolution’
What is meant by the ‘Industrial Revolution’
How the new ideas led to the ‘Age of Revolt’ and the rise of nationalism
What is meant by the ‘Enlightenment’
How European states challenged the Ottoman Empire

3. What were the changing experienced by Europe, west and North America in 18th century?

4. Political change---the age of Revolt Social change---increase in population Economic change-----The industrial revolution

5. What was the Industrial Revolution?
In the 18th century industrial revolution began in Britain and spread across Europe and North America---’The beginning of factory production’
The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines.
New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
Increased use of metals and minerals
Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.

6. The Industrial Revolution from this….. To this….

7. What do you think what were the reasons behind this change in Britain?

8. This cause and effect chart may clear your concept……..
Causes
Effects
Treasure stolen from the sub-continent
End of the Battle of Plassey
Wealth from India
To make the Britain forceful
Industrial Revolution began
Helped British Businessmen and Investors to support British inventors and built Factories

9. Social Changes: Development and Growth of Cities
London
18th century – 600,000 people
Rich people lived in large houses
Poor people were died because of disease and malnutrition
Rural-to-urban migrants – people who left the countryside to live in cities
A sign of an industrialized nation is that a large proportion of the population lives and works in urban areas

10. Development of the Domestic System of Production
Domestic system developed in England
Domestic system of production – “putting out” system
Businesspeople delivered raw materials to workers’ homes
Workers manufactured goods from these raw materials in their homes (typically articles of clothing)
Businesspeople picked up finished goods and paid workers wages based on number of items

11. Factory System Developed to replace the domestic system of production
Faster method of production
Workers concentrated in a set location
Production anticipated demand
For example: Under the domestic system, a woman might select fabric and have a businessperson give it to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots of popular fabrics and had workers create multiple dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women would buy them.

13. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Steam Engines
Iron Industry
Coal as fuel

14. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Coal mines
Coal mines and iron work needed machines
Industrial expansion continued……

15. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
As more steam-powered machines were built, factories needed more coal to create this steam
Mining methods improved to meet the demand for more coal
Notes: An excellent example of this phenomenon is the personal computer or cell phone. Cell phones were initially used by professionals who needed fast communications for business. The everyday usefulness of cell phones was quickly apparent, increasing demand. Cell phone towers were built around the globe, and cell phone technology continues to grow more complex. Have students compare the original “brick” cell phone to the iPhone.
The process of inventing never ends
One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

16. Agriculture and Industry
The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to farms
The use of farm machinery meant that fewer farm workers were needed
Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to find work in factories
This is called rural-to-urban migration
Growing populations in urban cities required farmers to grow more crops
Food to eat
Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories

17. End of the Indian cotton wealth……
In first half of 17 century Britain import cotton from north America and cotton cloths from India
In second half of 17 century Britain had 3 spinning machines
Britain made cloths were cheaper than Indian made cloths which results British began to sell British produced cotton in India and Indian workers found themselves out of work….

18. Review Questions What was the Industrial Revolution?
Describe at least three developments of the Industrial Revolution.
Compare domestic and factory methods of production.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
Explain why one invention or development leads to another.