1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. Learning Objectives Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
Review the four anatomical planes of reference.
Review the anatomical terms of direction.
Review the terms that describe lying down.
Review the components of the dorsal body cavity.
Review the components of the ventral body cavities.
Describe why is Biology important and describe it’s relativity to this class.
List the 11 systems of the body.
List the four basic types of body tissues and where they are found.
Define homeostasis.

3. Review
Planes are imaginary lines used descriptively to divide the body into sections.
Directional terms are relative locations described through the use of pairs of contrasting body direction terms.

4. Transverse Plane
Dorsal Plane

6. Anatomic Planes of Reference

8. Plantar and Palmar Palmar
The caudal surface of the front leg from the carpus to the phalanges. This includes the bottom surface of the front foot
Planter
The caudal surface of the hind leg from the hock to the phalanges. This includes the bottom surface of the hind foot.

10. Directional Terms Direction Individual’s left Individual’s right
Toward the head end of the body
Toward the tip of the nose (head only)
Toward the tail end of the body
Toward the back
Toward the belly
Toward the median plane
Away from the median plane
Toward the center (whole body or part)
Toward the surface (whole body or part)
Toward the body (extremity)
Away from the body (extremity)
“Back” of forelimb distal to carpus
“Back” of hindlimb distal to tarsus
“Front” of forelimb & hindlimb
distal to carpus & tarsus
Domestic Animal
Left
Right
Cranial
Rostral
Caudal
Dorsal
Ventral
Medial
Lateral
Deep (internal)
Superficial (external)
Proximal
Distal
Palmar
Plantar
Human
Superior
Nasal
Inferior
Posterior
Anterior
Be sure to add the table

11. General Plan of the Animal Body
Bilateral symmetry: The left and right halves of an animal's body are essentially mirror images of each other.

12. Recumbent Dorsal Recumbency Ventral Recumbency Lateral Recumbency
Prone
Lying face down, ventral recumbency
Supine
Lying face up, dorsal recumbency

13. General Plan of the Animal Body
Body cavities
Dorsal body cavity contains the central nervous system
Ventral body cavity contains most of the viscera (organs) of the body

14. The dorsal body cavities are lined
Thoracic Cavity
Pleura
Thin membrane lining
Visceral layer
Parietal layer
Abdominal Cavity
Peritoneum
Thin membrane lining
Visceral layer
Parietal layer

16. Biology What is Biology? The study of life
Covers the smallest “life” to the largest “life”
Cellular Biology
Ecology/ biosphere
A cell is the smallest living thing capable of reproducing itself
Many different types of cells, different shapes, different sizes, different functions
All works together to accomplish homeostasis

17. Important topics in Biology
Chemistry
Organic
Carbon
Chemical Bonds
Chemical Reactions
Macro Molecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Water
Genetics
Cell division
DNA
Passing on of Genes
Biotechnology
Application of biology
Using chemistry and genetics to cure

18. Relationship and Connectivity
Atoms – molecules – organelles – cell –tissues - organs - organ systems - complex organism (animal) – species – population –community – ecosystem – biosphere

19. Levels of Organization
Cells: basic functional units of animal life
Tissues: groups of specialized cells
Organs: groups of tissues that work together for common purposes
Organ Systems: groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities

20. Anatomy and Physiology Definitions
Anatomy: the form and structure of the body and its parts
Physiology: the functions of the body and its parts

21. 11 systems Digestive System Integumentary and Related Structures
Skin, nails, hair, hooves
Skeletal System
Bones and joints
Muscular System
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
Cardiovascular System
Heart and blood vessels
Respiratory System
Lungs and air passageways
Digestive System
Gastrointestinal tube and accessory digestive organs

22. Nervous System Sensory Organs Endocrine System Urinary System
Central nervous system and peripheral nerves
Sensory Organs
Organs of general and special sense
Touch, temperature, pain, taste, smell, hearing
Endocrine System
Glands and hormones
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Reproductive System
Male and female reproductive structures

23. Homeostasis The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body
All the physiological processes that actively maintain balance in the various structures, functions, and properties of the body

24. Unit 1 Overview and Introduction to A & P
Reading assignment. (Vocabulary is based upon reading assignment.)
Page 1-2 Anatomy and Physiology
Table 1-1
Page 2-5 Terminology
Figure 1-1
Table 1-2
Page 6-8 General Plan of the Animal Body and Homeostasis