1. The End of the War Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus
War Ends in Europe
Map: The End of the War,
War Ends in the Pacific
The Postwar World
Quick Facts: World War II Casualties
Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of World War II

2. The End of the War Preview, continued Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
Video: The Impact of World War II

3. The End of the War Main Idea Reading Focus
In 1945 the Allies finally triumphed over the Axis powers, but the war left many nations in ruins.
Reading Focus
How did the war end in Europe?
How did the war end in the Pacific?
What were the Allied plans for the postwar world?

4. World War II and Its Aftermath
Section 5: The End of World War II
Witness History Audio: The War is Over!
The War’s Aftermath
After the war, people around the world came to realize the full extent of the Holocaust. The Allies put many Axis leaders on trial for “crimes against humanity.” Western Allies also built new governments in Germany and Japan that would give more power to the people.
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is Truman’s tone?” (serious; grateful to the people who served in the armed forces) “How does that contrast with the tone of the photograph and the newspaper headline?” (The couple kissing and the headline both show joy and excitement.)
When showing Color Transparency 179, ask volunteers to read the names of the countries in each alliance aloud while other volunteers show their locations on a wall map of Europe. When the exercise is complete, discuss why the two alliances were sometimes referred to as “the West” (NATO) and “the East” (Warsaw Pact).
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5. The Postwar World End of war, Europe and Asia in ruins
Tens of millions dead; heaviest losses in Eastern Europe
Germany, Japan, and China had also suffered greatly
Physical devastation; cities, villages, and farms destroyed
National economies near collapse
Millions uprooted
former prisoners of war, survivors of concentration camps, refugees of fighting and of national border changes

7. Nuremberg Trials
A series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany.
The first and best known of these trials was the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT), which tried 22 of the most important captured leaders of Nazi Germany
several key architects of the war (such as Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Josef Goebbels) had committed suicide before the trials began.

10. Planning for the Future
July 1941
Allied leaders planned for years for the of war
Churchill and Roosevelt met to discuss even before U.S. entered war
Joint declaration of Churchill and Roosevelt
Outlined purpose of war
Sought no territorial gains
All nations could choose their own government
Work for mutual prosperity
Atlantic Charter
December 1943
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
Agreed on schedule for D-Day invasion
Would work together in peace after the war
Tehran Conference

12. World War II and Its Aftermath
Section 5: The End of World War II
Establishing the United Nations
The United Nations was established after the war to help keep peace among nations. The Security Council has the power to apply sanctions or send peace-keepers to try to resolve disputes. The UN has also worked to improve health and offer relief aid around the world.
Note Taking Transparency 175
The Alliance Breaks Apart
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is Truman’s tone?” (serious; grateful to the people who served in the armed forces) “How does that contrast with the tone of the photograph and the newspaper headline?” (The couple kissing and the headline both show joy and excitement.)
When showing Color Transparency 179, ask volunteers to read the names of the countries in each alliance aloud while other volunteers show their locations on a wall map of Europe. When the exercise is complete, discuss why the two alliances were sometimes referred to as “the West” (NATO) and “the East” (Warsaw Pact).
After the war, the Soviets wanted to determine the fate of the Eastern European lands that it occupied. Stalin wanted communist governments installed in these countries as a protection against Germany. The U.S. and Britain were against the idea and wanted free elections in Eastern Europe.
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13. Yalta Conference United Nations
Held in Soviet territory in early 1945; Allies on brink of military victory
Primary goal to reach agreement on postwar Europe
Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill agreed on plans for Germany
Stalin got his way with Polish territory, made promises
United Nations
Roosevelt got Stalin to agree to join fight against Japan once war in Europe over
USSR would join new world organization—United Nations
Meant to encourage international cooperation and prevent war
June 1945 charter signed with five major Allies as Security Council

16. World War II and Its Aftermath
Section 5: The End of World War II
New Conflicts Develop
President Truman outlined a policy of resisting Soviet expansion around the world, which was called the Truman Doctrine. To help keep communism from taking hold in Western Europe, the U.S. sent billions of dollars in aid under the Marshall Plan. The Allies moved to strengthen the West German economy, while the Soviets dismantled much of East Germany’s industry. Tensions grew over the split within Germany, and distrust fueled the establishment of two alliances: NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
Color Transparency 179: NATO and Warsaw Pact Member Nations
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is Truman’s tone?” (serious; grateful to the people who served in the armed forces) “How does that contrast with the tone of the photograph and the newspaper headline?” (The couple kissing and the headline both show joy and excitement.)
When showing Color Transparency 179, ask volunteers to read the names of the countries in each alliance aloud while other volunteers show their locations on a wall map of Europe. When the exercise is complete, discuss why the two alliances were sometimes referred to as “the West” (NATO) and “the East” (Warsaw Pact).
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
QuickTake Chapter Test
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17. Potsdam Conference July 1945
Small German city location for Potsdam Conference
Growing ill will between Soviet Union and other Allies
Three sides
Soviet Union, Britain, and United States
Discussed many issues but had difficulty reaching agreement
Closing months
American and British leaders worried about Stalin’s intentions
Concerned about spread of communism, growth of Soviet influence
Stalin
Soon broke his promises
Did not respect democracies in Eastern Europe
Another struggle beginning

19. World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 5
Color Transparency 179: NATO and Warsaw Pact Nations
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28. What major decisions did Allied leaders make at Yalta and Potsdam?
Summarize
What major decisions did Allied leaders make at Yalta and Potsdam?
Answer(s): At Yalta, Allied leaders agreed on what to do with postwar Europe. Roosevelt persuaded Stalin to join the fight against Japan and to join the United Nations. At Potsdam, the three sides discussed many issues concerning postwar Europe, but often had difficulty reaching agreement.

30. World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 5
Note Taking Transparency 175
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31. World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 5
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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32. Video The Impact of World War II
Click above to play the video.