1. LITERATURE REVIEW

2. content Introduction to Literature Review
How to Get Started Your Literature Review?
Type of Literature Review
Narrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review

3. WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW (LR)?
Definition:
Making critical and systematic references to documents which contain ideas, research design, data and details of information gathering method related to a research topic.
Objectives of a LR:
To gather useful information (eg: theories, research design, research instruments, research procedures, data collection and reserch findings) from an existing knowledge in the literature.
To connect the study to existing research and add to the body of knowledge
To avoid duplication i.e to avoid conducting a research which has already been carried out.
To avoid repetiting the same mistakes in the methodology.
To remind researchers on which areas to focus their efforts.

4. WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW (LR)?
Definition
Making critical and systematic references to documents which contain ideas, research design, data and details of information gathering method related to a research topic.
Objectives of a LR
To gather useful information (eg: theories, research design, research instruments, research procedures, data collection and reserch findings) from an existing knowledge in the literature.
To connect the study to existing research and add to the body of knowledge
To avoid duplication i.e to avoid conducting a research which has already been carried out.
To avoid repetiting the same mistakes in the methodology
To remind researchers on which areas to focus their efforts

5. WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW (LR)?
GOAL of LR
To bring the reader up-to-date with current literature on a topic
To form as the justification for future research in the area
Good LR
The information of the particular subject comes from many sources
Well written and contains few personal biases.
Should contain clear search and selection strategy
Effective analysis and synthesis
Good structuring to enhance the flow and readability of the review/reader

6. HOW THE LITERATURE REVIEW FUNCTIONS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS?
A RESEARCH PROBLEM ARISES:
(Example: Traditional data integration of ETL needs to be enhanced to support streaming of data processes with federation across volume, variety, veracity and velocity of data sources.)
REVIEW THE LITERATURE:
(Review the literature about the 2 variables and their relationship, theories, research design, research instruments, research procedure, data collection methods and findings in past research.)
PLAN A RESEARCH BASED ON THE LITERATURE:
(Identify the theories that state the relationships between the two variables, build a conceptual framework, select a research design, find or develop research instruments, plan the research procedure and data collection methods based on ideas generated from past research.)
CONDUCT THE RESEARCH:
(Collect data, analyze data and report the result.)
DISCUSS THE FINDINGS:
(Connect the findings to the existing body of knowledge by comparing the findings of present and past research. In this way the findings of the present research add to the knowledge in the literature)

7. WHY NEED TO HAVE INFORMATION FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH?
INFORMATION ABOUT THEORIES
INFORMATION ABOUT VARIABLES
INFORMATION ABOUT RESEARCH DESIGN
INFORMATION ABOUT RESEARCH METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

8. WHY NEED TO HAVE INFORMATION FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH?
Information about theories:
The researcher will be able to identify a formal theory that support researcher's idea
Have more confident to clearly describe and explain the ideas and concept
If cases where there is no existing theory  refer to past research findings to serve as informal theory on the relationships about the variables
Information about Variables:
Refer to previous works and identify the variables which were used by the researchers in their studies
Refer to theories and models which were used in previous works in order to identify the variables which represent them
Refer to questionnaire used in previous works to get an idea of the variables to be measured if the research is similar
Refer to literature about the main variables which are related to the research problem.

9. WHY NEED TO HAVE INFORMATION FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH?
Information about Research Design:
Able to compare the strength and weakness of the research design used in previous work
Might come up with alternative/new/modified of the research design
Information about Research Methods of Data Collection and Analysis:
Will know most suitable methods for collecting and analyzing data.
Thus, might avoid using wrong techniques in analyzing data  Wrong analysis techniques will lower the validity and reliability of the research.

10. YOUR LITERATURE REVIEW IN CONTEXT
Should be clearly linked to:
Your justification for carrying out the study
Your aims and objectives
Your choice of research design
The methods used to collect data
Your discussion of the results
Your conclusions and recommendations

11. HOW TO GET STARTED: ASK YOURSELF THESE QUESTIONS
What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to define?
What type of literature review am I conducting?
Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy? quantitative research? qualitative research?
What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government documents, popular media)?
What time period am I interested in? What geographical area? What social setting? What materials?

12. SOURCES OF LITERATURE HARDCOPY SOURCES SOFTCOPY SOURCES
Identify key primary sources (e.g. govt. documents, newspaper articles) and secondary sources (e.g. books, journal articles) relevant to your topic early on
Use resources that are not in the library e.g. Inter-library loans, blogs, forum.
SOFTCOPY SOURCES
SCOPUS – The largest centre of academic writing and research reports from many discipline published by Elsevier.
Web of Science (and web of knowledge) – contains the Thomson Reuters ISI- cited journals. The journal published is high quality and have high impact factor

13. LITERATURE: WHILE READING
Read broadly and deeply, but do not be afraid to concentrate on areas that interest you.
E.g: How the aspects of Project Management that interest you fit into the bigger picture. How will additional knowledge in this area benefit the field as a whole?
Look for the literature that attempts to answer questions that you want answered. What are they saying and what questions are not being addressed or definitively answered.
Look for gaps in the knowledge or debates about the reliability or applicability of what is known.
As you read, is there a question that you want answered? Who is talking about the subject of your question? Who has done research in an attempt to answer that question? What kind of research have they done? What kind of research could you do that would supplement or extend the knowledge gained in those other studies?

14. GAPS IN THE LITERATURE Read, read, read.
What seems to go unexplained or what seems to be based on less than absolutely reliable evidence?
What question seems to go unanswered or not answered to your satisfaction?
Why is that? Has no one done the research? Or is the research so old that the confirmation of the knowledge has led to it being a given assumption in this area of research?
Really, there is only one way to detect a knowledge or research gap: read and think. However, a gap that you have intuited can be confirmed by a keyword search on an online database.
Take students to the databases. Show them what is available to business students. Take them to Science Direct and keyword search Project Management. The search yields 7, 490 articles on project management. NOTE the journal titles in the left-hand corner.
Do an advanced search: project management and multiobjective activity crashing. Go through all of the parameter settings before hitting ‘go’. Search results: 1 hit.
Do an advanced search of project management and activity crashing. Results: only four articles. However, look to the left: all of the articles on activity crashing are in one journal. This indicates that this is a conversation that is specific to this journal. Look who is talking about it. What else do they talk about: click on ‘related articles’. Do an author search. Are they talking about other things in other journals besides this? Or are they a one journal woman? ‘Stand by your journal, give it two arms to cling to and something warm to come to when nights are cold and lonely… ‘
Do an advanced search for project management and heuristics. Search results 50 articles
Do an advanced search for project management and metaheuristics. Search results 4 articles
Nature-inspired metaheuristics and project management –1 hit.

15. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW
TRADITIONAL OR NARRATIVE LR
SYSTEMATIC LR

16. TRADITIONAL OR NARRATIVE LR
This type of review:
critiques and summarizes a body of literature and draws conclusions about the topic in question.
Body of literature: made up of the relevant studies and knowledge that address the subject area.
Useful in gathering together a volume of literature in a specific subject area and summarizing and synthesizing it.
Its primary purpose:
To provide a reader with a comprehensive background for understanding current knowledge and highlighting the significance of new research.
Inspire research ideas by identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a body of knowledge.

17. SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
‘A review of research literature using systematic and explicit, accountable methods’ (Gough, 2012)
Should detail the time frame within which the literature was selected, as well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesizes the findings of the studies in questions (Parahoo, 2006)
The key characteristics of a systematic review are(Oakley 2012):
Rigor: use of systematic methods to answer set research question
Transparency: every step is described; nothing left to reader’s imagination
Replicability: a second researcher should arrive at the same conclusions
Literature reviews may themselves be biased and by carefully selecting studies to review it is possible to produce two similar reviews that come to entirely opposite conclusions.
Literature reviews even those written by experts can be made to tell any story one wants them to, and failure by literature reviewers to apply scientific principles to the proecess of reviewing the evidence, just as one would to primary research can lead to biased conclusions and to harm and wasted resources.

18. END OF PART 1 LITERATURE REVIEW