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Chapter 4 Lesson 1 Immigration
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Big Question Where did late 19th century immigrants come from and what difficulties did they face in America?
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Key Terms New Immigrants Ellis Island Angel Island Tenement Houses
Ghettos Nativists Chinese Exclusion Act Americanization Settlement Houses Hull House Social Gospel Political Machine Tammany Hall Boss Tweed Patrons of Husbandry/The Grange Populism People’s/Populist Party
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I. New Immigrants 1800 – 1880 = 10 million “old” immigrants N. and W. Europe 1880 – 1910 = 18 million “new” immigrants S. and E. Europe Immigrants brought new religions and made America diverse (1 in 7 were foreign in 1910)
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Ellis Island opened in 1892 – 12 million Europeans passed through
Came to escape religious persecution, desperate poverty, and little economic opportunity Ellis Island opened in 1892 – 12 million Europeans passed through
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Angel Island was opened in San Francisco California in 1910 for Asian immigrants
Immigrants lived in tough conditions (crowded tenement apartments, low-paying jobs, lived in ghettos)
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Reaction to Immigrants
Native-born Americans (Nativists) saw immigrants as a threat. Blamed them for crime & poverty. Immigrants faced discrimination
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Chinese were treated poorly in CA. U. S. Gov
Chinese were treated poorly in CA. U.S. Gov. passed Chinese Exclusion Act (banned immigration for 10 years and banned Chinese from becoming citizens)
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Immigrants were segregated, were forced to take literacy tests
Some nativists demanded Americanization, forced to learn English and U.S. history and gov. (must give up own culture)
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Urbanization and Reform
Ch. 4 Section 2 and 3 Urbanization and Reform
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II. Urban Life in America
Late 1800s, cities changed dramatically. the population practically doubled, and cities ran out of room. Cities grew up with steel skyscrapers and invention of elevator (Elisha Otis) Classes of people lived very differently
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Wealthy – Business owners, showed off $$$, built huge houses like on NYC 5th avenue
had maids, butlers, nannies, mansions, etc.
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Could live in “streetcar suburbs”- used commuter rail system
Middle class – small group of managers, teachers, engineers, lawyers, doctors Could live in “streetcar suburbs”- used commuter rail system
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Working Class – most people were poor, lived in crowded tenement apartments near factory, unhealthy, no trash, sewage removal, or running water multiple families in one small space. “Slums” women and children forced to work in dangerous conditions rather than in school.
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GILDED AGE Between 1870-1900 Time Period called the Gilded Age… Why?
Gilded: Covered with gold and shiny, but cheaper material inside Might appear to sparkle but critics pointed out corruption, poverty, crime and disparities between rich and poor A time of great cultural activity New styles of art and entertainment
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INDIVIDUALISM Individualism – no matter how humble you started out you could rise to something great Horatio Alger – wrote over 100 rags to riches stories Convinced people that with a little hard work and a little luck and you could be whatever you wanted Is this different from the American mindset today?
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Remember: SOCIAL DARWINISM
Natural selection - how plants and animals evolve Those who adapt thrive and live on Human society evolves through competition and natural selection which Reinforces the ideas of individualism This improves society because only the fittest people survive This upset some Christians who thought it went against the Bible
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GOSPEL OF WEALTH Andrew Carnegie’s gentler version of Social Darwinism
Wealthy Americans should engage in philanthropy Use their fortune to create conditions that help people help themselves Build schools and hospitals to help people instead of just giving money Carnegie built libraries because this allowed people to help themselves
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HELPING THE URBAN POOR Social Gospel –Churches take on community functions to help others Build gyms Provide social programs and child care Help the poor Salvation Army and YMCA Faith and reform combined Practical Aide and religious counseling YMCA – offered temporary housing, gyms, libraries, auditoriums Advocate not just giving the poor things but religious reform too
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Settlement Houses Some tried to help poverty with settlement houses. Provided services like language skills, job-training, clubs, and sports Famous American settlement house was Hull House in Chicago Most settlement houses were ran by college-educated women who believed in idea of social gospel (faith expressed through good works)
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HELPING THE URBAN POOR Settlement House Movement Public Education
Poor and large immigrant neighborhoods Community center offered: medical care Kindergartens Rec Programs Public Education Public Schools increase – need them to train workers Instill Discipline and strong work ethic Tuskegee Institute - African American school started by Booker T Washington
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City Problems o Crime and violence n Improper sewage disposal caused
o Murder rate increased o Minor crimes increased- thieves, minor criminals o Disease and Pollution n Improper sewage disposal caused o Typhoid Fever -fatal bacterial infection of the digestive system o Cholera- fatal intestinal disease o Horse manure left in the street o Soot from coal or wood fires left in street however, these issues lead to a rise in popular culture (realism)
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REALISM Movement in Art and Literature Portray the world realistically
Thomas Eakins – best known American painter of Realism Mark Twain: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn – 1884 Novels present realistic stories of American life
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POP CULTURE Industrialization improved the standard of living
People now had free time More money to spend on recreation and entertainment Saloon – Male workers meet for a drink and discuss business and politics Saloon keepers were often key political figures
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POP CULTURE Amusement Parks and Sports New York – Coney Island
Rides and water slides Watching Pro Sports 1st Baseball Team – The Cincinnati Red Stockings Basketball invented People look for physical activity since work was less strenuous: golf, tennis, croquet
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POP CULTURE Vaudeville and Ragtime
Vaudeville – adapted from French theater, much like a circus with shows and music Ragtime Music – Scott Joplin a famous ragtime composer – Maple Leaf Rag Echoed fast pace of city life; hectic
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Chapter 4 Section 4 Politics
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III. Political Scandal and Reform
Power in cities was controlled by the political machine. They helped make cities run better, but were very corrupt Machine bosses won control by giving jobs to friends and family and demanding votes in return promise necessities to immigrants in exchange for votes
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Most notorious political machine was Tammany Hall in NYC
Most notorious political machine was Tammany Hall in NYC. Boss Tweed led Tammany Hall and made himself and friends rich His corruption was exposed after 8 years of running NYC and he was sent to prison for fraud founded in 1780 1830 center of democratic politics in nyc earned loyalty of Irish community by offering jobs and places to live in exchange for candidates
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Major Problems of Industrialization
o Widening gap between rich and poor o Unsafe working conditions o Crowded cities o Corrupt politics
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POLITICS IN WASHINGTON
Spoils system – once president is elected he gives jobs to people Garfield elected in 1880 Doesn’t give a job to a supporter This supporter gets angry, thinks he can get a job if the VP – Chester Arthur – is president He shoots Garfield and assassinates him After assassination, many felt reform in politics was necessary
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POLITICS IN WASHINGTON
Reforming Civil Service Garfield’s assassination turned people against the idea of the spoils system Prior to Garfield, Rutherford B. Hayes tried to get rid of this system Some people did not like that Stalwarts – supported patronage Halfbreeds- opposed patronage
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POLITICS IN WASHINGTON
Pendleton Act was passed– 1883 Required some jobs be filled by competitive written exams – not patronage Begins the professional civil service Civil service – government workers are given jobs based on ability – not political affiliation
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ELECTION OF 1884 Democrats – Grover Cleveland; governor of NY; honest; reformer Republicans – Blaine – former Speaker of the House; accepted bribes Some republicans supported Cleveland b/c they didn’t like Blaine Blaine tried to connect with the Catholic voters Before election he met with a Protestant minister Catholics upset
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ELECTION OF 1884 Cleveland barely wins
Supporters expect rewarded with jobs (Spoils System) Mugwumps (non-supporters) want more jobs protected by civil service system on top of the corruption, things were not going well for farmers which lead to the rise of new political parties looking for reform.
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Farmers’ Reform Movements
Times were terrible for farmers in late 1800s, crop prices dropped, farmers were in debt Farmers unite to form Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange)
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Populist Party Farmers’ Alliance fought for changes to help farmers. (Populism) Their ideas gained support and the leaders formed a national political party called the Populist Party Populist Party wasn’t very successful but their ideas later helped make leaders change policies (ie. graduated income tax and federal ownership of railroads)
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Election of 1896 William McKinley (Republican) won easily
Moderate on labor issues Tolerant of ethnic groups Populism declined after 1896 Efforts to ease farmers economic issues failed Their proposals would later be achieved through others!
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Big Question & Key Terms
New Immigrants Ellis Island Angel Island Tenement Houses Ghettos Nativists Chinese Exclusion Act Americanization Settlement Houses Hull House Social Gospel Political Machine Tammany Hall Boss Tweed Patrons of Husbandry/The Grange Populism People’s/Populist Party Where did late 19th century immigrants come from and what difficulties did they face in America?
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Chapter 6 Section 1 Progressivism & Women’s Suffrage
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Big Question Describe at least four areas that saw progressive reforms during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Briefly describe each one.
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Key Terms Progressivism Muckrakers NAACP ADL Florence Kelley
Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire City Council, Commission, and council-manager Seventeenth Amendment Direct primary Initiative Referendum Recall NWSA and AWSA Women's Suffragettes Nineteenth Amendment
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What Was Progressivism?
A reform movement that tried to address many social problems that industrialization created Examples – living conditions of working class, civil rights, power and methods of big business, problems in workplace, government honesty, women’s suffrage Muckrakers like Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair exposed the social ills of America through magazines and books
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Reforming Society By 1920, more than 50% of Americans lived in cities Cities grew too fast and couldn’t keep up demands like garbage collection, safe housing, and police and fire protection Housing - Progressives were able to get laws passed that expanded health service to poor, force landlords to install lighting in public hallways, and install at least one toilet for every two families
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Civil Rights – NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) formed to fight for Af-Am rights and ADL (Anti-Defamation League) formed to fight discrimination against Jews and others
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Reforming the Workplace
Unions fought for male workers but Progressives begin to fight for rights of women and children workers Florence Kelley helped pass laws banning child labor and limiting hours women could work per day Unions and Progressives fought for a minimum wage act, took until 1938 to get one
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Dangerous work-conditions and safety were brought to light when the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire occurred in 1911 500 young women made blouses. The 9th floor caught fire and spread quickly to other floors cutting off any escape Doors were locked, fire escape broke and women began jumping out of windows to avoid flames 146 men and women died from fire States began passing work safety laws to prevent disaster
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Reforming Government Progressives wanted to eliminate political corruption and make government more responsive to people New mayors and city councils got elected and began making new rules and policies to clean up city governments The commission form of gov. and the council-manager model replaced the strong-mayor form of gov.
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Progressives fought to change state gov. too
Some changes set up boards to regulate railroad companies, taxation, transportation, and reform prison abuses and cruelty Progressives also fought to make elections fairer and make politicians accountable to voters
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Seventeenth Amendment was passed which allowed voters to pick their senators and not state governments Also fought for direct primary (voters pick their own candidates for office) Progressives also fought for secret ballots, the initiative (place item on the ballot), the referendum (people vote to add or remove existing law), and the recall (remove bad politicians from office)
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Women’s Suffrage Movement
Fight started when fifteenth amendment was passed in 1868, which prohibited denying the right to vote based on race or color but not gender Organizations like the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) fought for a constitutional amendment and state-by- state suffrage (right to vote)
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Suffragettes included Susan B
Suffragettes included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, and Carrie Chapman Catt
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Some fought against the women’s suffrage movement
They believed women gaining right to vote would interfere with their duties in the home and destroy the family altogether Also believed women voters were not educated enough to be competent voters Women continued to fight and in 1920 the nineteenth amendment was passed granting all women the right to vote
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Big Question & Key Terms
Describe at least four areas that saw progressive reforms during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Briefly describe each one. Progressivism Muckrakers NAACP and ADL Florence Kelley Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire City Council, Commission, and council- manager Seventeenth Amendment Direct primary Initiative Referendum Recall NWSA and AWSA Women's Suffragettes Nineteenth Amendment
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Chapter 6 Section 2 and 3
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Big Question Who are the three "Progressive Presidents" and what reforms did each one make during their presidency?
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Key Terms Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Trust busting The Jungle
Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act Conservation William Howard Taft Sixteenth Amendment Election of 1912 Progressive Party Woodrow Wilson New Freedom Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act Key Terms
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Roosevelt’s Presidency
Theodore Roosevelt was known as a progressive leader in New York To get rid of him, political machines got him nominated vice-president under William McKinley.
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Was only VP for 6 months when McKinley was assassinated (becomes youngest pres. ever - 42)
TR was very hands-on pres. and saw white house as a bully pulpit (platform to make change)
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Regulating Business Roosevelt got involved in labor issues which no other president had done. Involvement in coal strike of 1902 became known as the “square deal”
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Square Deal became the theme of TR’s 7.5 years as president.
He vowed to “see that each is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less”
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TR also believed big business was important to U. S
TR also believed big business was important to U.S. but they should behave responsibly TR went after big companies and broke them apart in what became known as Trust-busting This helped break apart giant monopolies and allowed for more competition.
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TR also regulated railroads by eliminating rebates and setting maximum rates RR companies could charge Protecting Consumers He also helped to protect consumers by making it illegal for companies to sell dangerous products Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle, exposed meatpacking industry. TR ordered investigation which led to Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act
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Conservation In response to American’s gross use of natural resources, TR began a policy of conservation to protect natural environment for future generations TR is responsible for preserving 170 million acres of land, mostly in the west
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Progressivism Under Taft
TR told America he would not run for a third term as pres. in He instead told America they should elect William Howard Taft. They did. Taft was supposed to continue the policies of TR. He didn’t Taft created the sixteenth amendment which granted congress power to collect income tax from people
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Taft also failed to continue TR’s policy of conservation
Taft also failed to continue TR’s policy of conservation...selling much of the protected land to businesses In election of 1912, TR ran for president against Taft, this time as part of the Progressive Party. The democrats ran Woodrow Wilson against Taft and TR. Wilson Won by a huge margin
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Wilson’s New Freedom Wilson was known as a fierce progressive reformer. He proposed plan called New Freedom, which was a wish list of progressive reforms. Wilson was responsible for Federal Reserve Act which set up a central bank that other banks could borrow from to prevent bank failures
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Private Banks Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3
Federal Reserve Board – group of officials appointed by pres. to run Fed. Tier 1 Tier 2 12 Federal Reserve Banks - serve other banks not people Private Banks Tier 3
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Wilson also strengthened grip on big business by passing the Clayton Antitrust Act which clarified and extended earlier Sherman Antitrust Act Created Federal Trade Commission to enforce antitrust laws
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Big Question & Key Terms
Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Trust busting The Jungle Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act Conservation William Howard Taft Sixteenth Amendment Election of 1912 Progressive Party Woodrow Wilson New Freedom Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act Who are the three "Progressive Presidents" and what reforms did each one make during their presidency?
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