1. Biotechnology Biotechnology - process of manipulating the
genome of an organism to form useful products
􀁡Genetic engineering – modification of genetic
material done by genetic engineers
􀁡Sections􀁠Nucleic Acids􀁠Isolation of DNA
􀁠DNA Electrophoresis

2. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids 􀁡Use puzzle pieces to show
􀁠Replication (DNA to DNA): 5’ to 3’
􀁠Transcription (DNA to RNA): 5’ to 3’
􀁠Translation (mRNA to polypeptide): 5’ to

3. DNA
Deoyribose nucleic acid contains genetic material and has nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is deoxyribose sugar ,and any one N-bases- A,T,G,C with phosphate
Double stranded
Found in the nucleus

4. DNA replication DNA doubling for the purpose of cell division
The 2 strands unzip in the middle and DNA polymerase enzyme adds on new bases to the unzipped strands
Semi-Conservative replication as old strands act as templates for new ones to be built.

5. RNA Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
Ribose sugar, single stranded and has A,U,G,C
3 TYPES-mRNA,rRNA and t-RNA

6. Transcription Takes place in the nucleus
One strand of DNA(genes) is the template for building mRNA(codons)
A of DNA matches with U of RNA
T with A
G with C
C with G

7. Translation In the cytoplasm
mRNA (codons) match with t-RNA(anti-codn) in the presence of r-RNA to build proteins
Codons specify the amino acid

8. Isolation of DNA Isolation of DNA from plant (onion) cells and banana-
Refer to lab book for procedure

9. Gel electrophoresis is a method of separating out DNA, RNA or other protien mixes

10. Paternity testing
Child has both parents chromosomes or DNA which will solve the paternity tests.

11. Crime solving
It can be used in the analyis of DNA recovered from crime scenes to create a very simple 'profile' of unknown DNA for comparison purposes, or to establish if DNA has succesfully been extracted from evidential material, before going on to more costly and long winded sequencing

12. Electrophoresis Electrophoresis
Applying voltage to solution of charged molecules
for separation
1. Prepare gel, place in chamber
2. Introduce DNA sample
􀁡 DNA is negatively charged, it moves to positive
electrode
􀁡 small fragments migrate faster than larger ones
􀁡 accumulation of same size fragments show up as a
band on the gel
3. Stain gel and record band pattern