1. Hypothalamus
Domina Petric, MD

2. Hypothalamus is located in the ventral aspect of the DIENCEPHALON.
Hypothalamus forms the walls of the third ventricle.

3. Hypothalamus three visual landmarks
Anterior commisure
Hypothalamus three visual landmarks
Mamillary bodies
Optic chiasm

4. Hypothalamus basic functions are:
blood pressure and electrolyte balance (drinking, salt appetite, blood osmolarity, vasomotor tone)
body temperature (thermogenesis, seeking warmer/cooler environment)
energy metabolism (feeding, digestion, metabolic rate)
reproductive activity (mating, pregnancy, lactation)
emergency responses (distribution of blood flow, stress hormones, immunological response)

5. Hypothalamic control
Contextual information: cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampal formation
Visceral motor, somatic motor, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses
Hypothalamus: compares input to biological set points
Sensory inputs: visceral and somatic sensory pathways, chemosensory and humoral signals

6. Hypothalamic nuclei
Lateral
tuberal nucleus
isiologia/Objetivo_10/hipothalamus.html
Suprachiasmatic
nucleus

7. Hypothalamic nuclei
Periventricular nucleus and arcuate nucleus are related to production of hormones in the anterior part of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis): production of RELEASING FACTORS.
Paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus have the neurons that grow their axons through the pituitary infundibulum and release hormones directly into the general circulation in the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS.
Paraventricular nucleus neurons also grow their axons into the spinal cord where they are involved in coordinating the output of preganglionic neurons in parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

8. Hypothalamic nuclei
Medial and lateral preoptic nuclei are involved in various aspects of coordinating reproduction and sexual behavior.
Preoptic area is also involved in governing the release of urin in the process of micturition.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus is involved in regulation of sleep: master clock of the human body (circadian rhythm).
Ventral and dorsal medial nuclei are involved in some other dimensions of reproductive behavior and parenting behavior.
Ventral and dorsal medial nuclei are also involved in feeding.

9. IPSILATERAL! Horner´s syndrome PTOSIS (droping of eyelid)
IPSILATERAL PUPPILARY CONSTRICTION (MIOSIS)
ENOPHTHALMUS (sinking of the eyeball)
HYPERHIDROSIS

10. Horner´s syndrome
It is a result of an interruption in the pathway that links the hypothalamus with ganglionic sympathetic neurons.

11. Literature
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University