1. The Cardiovascular Biology of Glucagon-like Peptide-1
Daniel J. Drucker 
Cell Metabolism 
Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages (July 2016)
DOI: /j.cmet
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 Mechanisms Linking GLP-1 to Modulation of Inflammation
GLP-1 secretion from EECs is alternatively stimulated or inhibited by pro-inflammatory stimuli. GLP-1 in turn may control inflammation locally in the intestine through engagement of GLP-1 receptors on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). GLP-1 may also reduce inflammation in different peripheral organs indirectly through weight loss or improved glucose control, or by targeting GLP-1Rs expressed on populations of circulating immune cells. Alternatively, GLP-1R activation may directly reduce inflammation in organs and cell types expressing the GLP-1R. The dashed line linking GLP-1 to anti-inflammatory actions in distinct organs reflects current uncertainty as to whether these actions are possibly direct or largely indirect.
Cell Metabolism  , 15-30DOI: ( /j.cmet )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Direct and Indirect Actions of GLP-1 in the Heart and Blood Vessels
The GLP-1R is expressed predominantly in the atrium of the heart. The localization of GLP-1R expression in blood vessels is less well understood. Some blood vessels express the GLP-1R within vascular smooth muscle, whereas potential GLP-1R expression in endothelial cell populations is less completely defined. The actions of GLP-1 on heart and blood vessels are shown, and may be direct or indirect, depending on the species and specific experimental paradigm examined.
Cell Metabolism  , 15-30DOI: ( /j.cmet )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
GLP-1 Modifies CV Risk through Direct and Indirect Actions in Multiple Organs
The targets for GLP-1 that may impact the risk of developing CV disease, and the consequences of GLP-1 action in specific tissues and cell types with CV implications, are shown.
Cell Metabolism  , 15-30DOI: ( /j.cmet )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4 The CV Safety of GLP-1R Agonists
Based on results from the LEADER trial, sustained GLP-1R agonism in subjects with T2D at high risk for CV events produced a reduction in MACE events and CV mortality, balanced by gastrointestinal side effects, and lingering uncertainty about any possible associated increased risk of cancer. The CV benefit of GLP-1R agonists in obese non-diabetic subjects has not been established.
Cell Metabolism  , 15-30DOI: ( /j.cmet )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions