1. T.Y.B.Sc Semester VI Botany Paper III Unit I : Plant Physiology Biomolecule: Carbohydrates By Mrs. Mandakini R Ingle Department of Botany Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College, Thane (w)

2. Classification of carbohydrates
Tetrasaccharides
stachyose
Octoses
nososes

3. MONOSACCHARIDES

4. DISACCHARIDES

5. MALTOSE Constructed by a condensation reaction
Composed of two glucose molecules
Possesses an alpha bond
Commonly produced by fermentation reactions called malting
Most maltose digested is the result of starch digestion

6. SUCROSE Constructed by a condensation reaction
Composed of one glucose and one fructose
Possesses an alpha bond
Commonly called table sugar and is found in plants such as sugar cane and maple syrup
Purified to form brown, white, and powdered sugars

7. LACTOSE Constructed by a condensation reaction
Composed of one glucose and one galactose
Possesses a beta bond
Beta bonds are difficult to digest
Primary sugar in milk and milk products

8. Polysaccharides:
1.Pentosans: Araban and xylan 2. Hexosans: i. Glucosans- starch, cellulose, glycogen ii. Fructosans- Inulin iii. Mannans- Mannane iv. Galctans-Galactane 3. Pectic compounds- pectic acid, pectin 4. Gums 5.Amino-hexosans- chitin 6. mucilages

9. POLYSACCHARIDES Digestible polysaccharides:
Starch
Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Non-digestible polysaccharides: fibers
Soluble fiber
Insoluble fiber

10. STARCHES 3000 monosaccharides Contain alpha bonds
Amylose is straight chain
Amylopectin is branched chain
High Glycemic Index

11. GLYCOGEN Storage form of glucose in animals and humans
Structure is similar to amylopectin but with more complex branching
Numerous alpha bonds
Found in liver (400 kcal) and muscles (1400 kcal)

12. Chemical Composition of Fibers
Contain beta bonds
Insoluble: not fermented
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin*
Soluble: kcal/g
Gum
Pectin
Mucilage

13. Monosaccharides Isomerism ( 2 compounds with same mol. Formula)
2. Ring structure (same molecule with diff. ring forms)
Isomerism:
i. structural
ii.stereoisomerism

14. Structural Isomerism:
They have mol. Formula but diff. strut. formulae

15. Stereoisomerism
Same structural and mol. Formula but differ in spatial arrangement of atoms or groups in the molecule
D-glucose and D-mannose hav e change in spatial arrangement of Hydrogen and hydroxyl grps

16. D- molecule is one in which :
i. Asymmetric carbon atom is far from aldehyde or ketone grp

17. Mirror images in L- glucose and L-mannose: optical isomerism

18. Monosaccharides (D-aldoses)
CH2OH
C=O

19. The Fischer convention, the basis for the D- configuration in sugars comes from D-glyceraldhyde’s configuration around its asymmetric carbon.
Epimers differ in configuration around one carbon atom i.e. D-glucose and D-mannose but D-glactose and D-glucose are not epimers because they very around two carbon atoms. There are 2n-2 stereoisomers

20. Carbohydrates are classified as to the nature of the carbonyl group : ketone = ketose aldehyde = aldose
Triose
Tetrose
Pentose
Hexose
2(n-3) stereoisomers of ketoses

21. Monosaccharides can form ring structures

22. Ring structure:
Pyranose ring- stable , C-1 and C-5 are linked by O atom, exhibited by pentoses and hexoses This may be written as straight carbon chain- carbon rings

23. Furanose ring: less stable, C-1 and C-4 are linked by O atom, exhibited by pentoses and hexoses. This may be written as closed carbon rings or as chain- carbon rings

26. a-amylose

27. Cellulose (polyglucose)

28. Thank you……….