1. Chapter 4 Industrial safety and Legislative Acts
Safety management • Causes of accidents • Effects of accidents • Types of industrial accidents • Preventive measures • Safety procedures (6 Marks)

2. Safety management
Accident is an unfortunate and sudden mishappening which causes damage or loss of property, material or human. Preventions of accidents are expected. Safety management is concentrating on avoiding accidents.

3. which are the causes of accident?
Accident may happen due to • Workers • Management • Unsafe working conditions • Natural causes

4. Causes of accidents due to workers:
Poor knowledge of work
Overconfident behavior at the work place
Lack of concentration
Stress in work
Unnecessary daring
Less work experience
Use of mobile while working
Fear of accident
Bad habits
Lack of confidence
Not following rules and regulations

5. Causes of accidents due to management:
Provision of unsafe work place to workers
Bad construction of the plant
Untrained workers
Extra load of work to employees
Poor housekeeping
Lack of safe procedures
Less control on habits of workers
Wrong assignment of work i.e. incorrect person working at sensitive jobs.
Careless management approaches.

6. Causes of accidents due to unsafe working conditions:
poor workplace layout
oily surface, slippery floor
poor illumination
suffocation at work
bad housekeeping
unnecessary slopes and steps on shop floor
un-noticeable turns and crossings
weak machine foundation
poor electrification
exposure to moving parts
chemical leakages
humidity at workplace

7. Natural causes of accidents:
Earthquake
Floods
Cyclones
Temperature strokes
Snow falls
Land slide collapse
Heavy rains

8. Types Of Accidents

9. (A) Based on severity, durability and degree of injury:
1. Minor accidents: • Less harmful in nature to the worker • Preventing employees from working, for the period less than 48 hours from the time of accident. • Not necessary to report to higher management 2. Reportable accidents: • Injuries caused to the worker prevent him from working for the period of 48 hours or more • Supervisor should do reporting to the higher management • Accident is little complicated than the minor accident.

10. 4. Accidents due to dangerous occurrences:
3. Fatal accidents:
• It results into death of the employee.
• Its reporting to the top management, legal bodies and police is
must.
4. Accidents due to dangerous occurrences:
• Explosion, fire, leakage may be the reasons for such accidents.
• Man as well as property can be damaged
5. Internal accidents:
• Injuries without showing external signs (e.g. fractured bones)
are called as internal accidents.

11. 6. External accidents: • Injury with external signs of it is called as external accident. 7. Major accident: • Accident causing death/permanent/prolonged disability to the injured employee is called as major accident. 8. Temporary accident: • Injury after accident disables for a short period/ a day/ a week. 9. Permanent accident: • Injury after accident disables the affected worker forever.

12. (B) Based on place of accident:
1. Construction accident: • Accident occurs at construction site. These accidents are often happening and injuries are serious. 2. Chemical plant accidents: • Exposure to chemicals is a real and everyday danger.

13. 3. Industrial plant accident: • Industries busy in manufacturing have machineries and moving parts. Accidents occur may be due to mistakes by worker, management or situation. 4. Mining accidents: • Mines are seriously dangerous sites. Collapses of soil layers, suffocation, poisonous gases, etc. are the reasons.

14. Preventive Measures To Avoid Accidents
Safe working methods
Proper selection of workers
Training for safe working
Accidents prone areas
Safety devices
Safety program
Safety provisions
Promoting safety awareness in employees

15. Safe working methods:
Operations in the factory must be designed considering safety first. Possibility of accident should be eliminated. Prior care must be taken for that, while deciding the methods and operations.

16. Proper selection of workers:
Disciplined, mentally stable, emotionally balanced and alert people always work in safe manner. Workers with above qualities, with good motive of work must be selected for the work. The attitude and aptitude of workers must be tested through various psychological tests and interviews at the time of selection.

17. Training for safe working:
Training gives knowledge of work, improves person’s attitude and gives correct direction. Trained employees work safely. A proper worker with proper training is the better man power to be employed. So training of workers is the assurance of safe working. Hence, training is one of the preventive measures to avoid accidents.

18. Accidents prone areas:
Survey of industrial processes, plant layout,material transportation, sensitive operations helps us to understand where the possibility of accident is more. Corrective actions and prevention can be taken at such places. Instructions regarding the same make awareness among the concerned authorities or employees and thus accidents can be avoided.

19. Safety devices:
During the industrial operations taken by using safety devices. Helmets, goggles, breathe purifiers, pads, hand gloves, safety shoes, aprons, protection shields are some of the personal safety devices which can be u of process and kind of body exposure. Unnecessary extra care which creates difficulties in work must be avoided. Persons must be trained to use the safety devices effectively.

20. Safety program:
A systematic working with safety is possible through establishment of safety department. This department will be dedicated for safety related work only. A complete schedule for safety awareness will be carried out by the same. Workers can be educated by conducting various safety programs and imparting training to make them conscious for safety.

21. Safety provisions: Provisions of fire extinguishing equipment
• Employment of minor on dangerous machines must be restricted.
• Availability of first aid facilities
• Instructions for safety and related precautions, while working must be displayed wherever required.

22. Promoting safety awareness in employees:
1. Safety training programs 2. Display of banners, posters which underlines importance of safety. 3. Organizing seminars, conferences, sessions by experts on industrial safety related issues. 4. Competition in industry related to safety & awards to those departments where minimum accident instances occur. 5. Displaying safety related messages, instructions, guidelines near the work area. 6. Formation of safety committees.

23. Industrial Legislation Acts
Industrial legislation helps both workers and management to know exactly about their rights, duties and obligations and also the liabilities

24. Necessity of Acts (i) To safeguard the workers against exploitation.
(ii) To maintain good relationship between employees and employers.
(iii) To provide and improve the welfare, amenities of workers.
(iv) To settle industrial disputes.
(v)To ensure that workers get wages on time.
(vi)To ensure that workers get adequate compensation in case o accidents.

25. THE FACTORY ACT 1948

27. Indian Factory Act
(1) This Act may be called the Factories Act, (2) It extends to the whole of India (3) It shall come into force on the 1st day of April, 1949.

28. DEFINITIONS UNDER THE ACT
Section 2 of the Act contains definitions of the terms used in the Act. (a) "Adult" means a person who has completed his eighteenth year of age [Section 2 (a)];  (b) "Adolescent" means a person who has completed his fifteen year of age but has not completed his eighteenth year [Section 2 (b)];  (bb) "Calendar year" means the period of twelve months beginning with the first day of January in any year [Section 2 (d)];  (c) "Child" means a person who has not completed his fifteenth year of age [Section 2 (c)]; 
(d) Young person" means a person who is either a child or an adolescent [Section 2 (d)]; 

29. THE FACTORY ACT 1948 OBJECTIVES
To Secure working conditions in the Factories
To ensure that the basic minimum requirements for health.
To Welfare of the Factory Workers are provided
To regulate the working hours, leave, holidays , employment of children and women and young persons

30. FEATURES OF THE ACT ARE :-
Health 
Welfare facilities 
Welfare of Children and Young Persons
Safety 
Working hours
 Employment of young persons
 Annual Leave with wages .
PENALTIES AND PROVISIONS

31. HEALTH Section 11 to 20 of the Factories Act, 1948, deals with the provisions relating to the of the workers in a factory.
Cleanliness (Sec. 11): Every factory shall be kept clean and free from dirty
There should be such arrangement in the factory that the wastes (Sec.12): 
Dust and Fume (Sect. 14):
Ventilation and Temperature (Sec. 15)

32. Overcrowding (Sec. 16):
At least cubic meters of space for every worker should be provided.
 Lighting (Sec. 17):  There shall be provided and maintained sufficient and suitable lighting, natural or artificial, or both, in every part of the factory.

33. Drinking water (Sec. 18):
a) Arrangements shall be made to provide and maintain sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water. (b) Provision shall be made for cooling drinking water during hot weather by effective means and for distribution thereof in every factory wherein more than two hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily employed. (c) Examine as prescribed by the authorities of the supply and distribution of drinking water in factories.

34. Toilet (Sec. 19): (b) separate enclosed accommodation shall be provided for male and female workers and there should be adequately lighted and ventilated; (d) they shall be maintained and clean at all times; (e) sweepers shall be employed whose primary duty would be to keep Toilets and washing places clean.
Spittoons ( sec.20 )There shall be provided sufficient number of spittoons in convenient places and they shall be maintained in a clean and hygienic condition. 

35. THE WELFARE OF EMPLOYEES
Washing facility separately for women and men
Separate rooms for men and women for drying of clothes
Separate rest rooms for men and women
Raghubar Jha

36. First Aid boxes equipped with prescribed medicines
Ambulance room where 500 or more are employed
Canteen for use of workers where 250 or more are employed (150 under Plantation Labour Act)

37. lunch room where 150 or more are employed
crèches where 30 or more women are employed suitable room should be provided to keep children
appoint welfare officer (s) where 500 or more are employed (300 under plan)
notice of dangerous operations

38. PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG CHILDREN ( 67):
No child who has not completed his fourteenth year shall be required or allowed to work in any factory

39. EMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PERSONS
Working hours for children (1) No child shall be employed to work, in any factory for more than four and a half hours in any day; 

40. 2. The working time of all children employed in a factory shall be limited to two shifts 3. No child shall be required or allowed to work in any factory on any day on which he has already been working in another factory. 4. No female child shall be allowed to work in any factory except between 8 A.M. and 7 P.M.

41. Register of child workers
  A register of child workers should be maintained and to be made available to the Inspector at all times during working hours or when any work is being carried on in a factory, showing- (a) the name of each child worker in the factory, (b) the nature of his work, (c) the group, if any, in which he is included, (d) where his group works on shifts (e) the number of his certificate of fitness granted under section 69.

42. Power to require medical examination (Sec. 75):
Where an Inspector is of the opinion-- (a) that any person working in a factory without a certificate of fitness is a young person, or (b) that a young person working in a factory with a certificate of fitness is no longer fit to work in the capacity 

43. Notice of work for children (Sec
 Notice of work for children (Sec. 72): a notice of periods of work for children, showing clearly for every day 

44. Token
Non-adult workers to carry tokens (Sec. 68): A child who has completed his fourteenth year or an adolescent shall not be required or allowed to work in any factory unless he carries a certificate of fitness and a token given in reference to such certificate.

45. SAFETY Fencing of machinery (Sec
SAFETY Fencing of machinery (Sec. 21):in every factory, the dangerous parts of all machineries should be securely fenced.

46. Employment of young persons on dangerous machines Section 23
provides that young person shall be allowed to work at any machine to which he has been fully instructed (a) has received sufficient training in work at the machine, or (b) is under adequate supervision by a person who has a through knowledge and experience of the machine.

47. Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton- openers (Sec. 27): In any part of a factory where a cotton-opener is at work for pressing cotton, no woman or child shall be employed.

48. Hoists and lifts (Sec. 28): Every hoist and lift shall be of good mechanical construction, sound material and adequate strength, properly maintained

49. Working Hours, Spread Over & Overtime of Adults
•Weekly hours not more than 48 - Sec: 51
•Daily hours, not more than 9 hours. - Sec: 54
•Intervals for rest at least ½ hour on working for 5 hours. - Sec: 55
•Spread over not more than 10½ hours. - Sec: 56
•Overlapping shifts prohibited. - Sec: 58
•Extra wages for overtime double than normal rate of wages - Sec:59
•Restrictions on employment of women before 6AM and beyond 7 PM. - Sec: 60

50. Annual Leave with Wages
•A worker having worked for 240 one day for every 20 daysand for a child one day for working of 15 days.
•Accumulation of leave for 30 days Sec. 79