1. Referencing using Harvard Style
Why should you reference?
In academic writing you will be expected to refer to the work of those who have done research in your subject area.
It is important that you acknowledge their work and contribution otherwise you leave yourself open to accusations of plagiarism – and you could be disciplined for it.

2. Referencing using Harvard Style
Why should you reference?
Referencing illustrates your understanding of key concepts being discussed in the body of literature on the subject matter.
It adds credibility to your work.
IF YOU DO NOT REFERENCE YOUR WORK IT WILL FAIL.
There are a number of referencing systems, here at UWS we use the Harvard Style of Referencing.

3. Referencing using Harvard Style
References should be inserted into your work at the point where you want to refer to the work of someone else.
References need to be given each time you cite an author, this enables those who read your work to trace back to the work you are referring to.
The Harvard Referencing System is an agreed standard used by many academics and it ensure that references are presented in a clear and unambiguous way.

4. Referencing using Harvard Style
So what is referencing?
Citing
Formally recognising your sources of research
Citations
The words/passages quoted in the text of your essays/reports/presentations.

5. Referencing using Harvard Style
Bibliography & References
Bibliographies
Anything you read/watched/sourced in the process of your research – even if you do not directly refer to it in your work.
References
These are the sources you specifically refer to in your work.
It is imperative that all pieces of academic work have references – bibliographies are optional but do illustrate the amount of work you have done.

6. Referencing using Harvard Style
In the text of an essay of piece of work there are a range of ways of presenting references to other work. For example:
Illeris (2007) discusses the development of the wide body of research into learning and points to the work of Jean Piaget and his assertions that the body has a role to play in learning and that tiredness, hunger and worry manifest themselves as a tension that can have an effect on learning.

7. Referencing using Harvard Style
Or:
The work of Marton & Saljo in the late 1970s that identified surface and deep approaches to learning. Surface approaches arise from an intention to ‘get the task out of the way with the minimum of trouble, while appearing to meet the requirements’ (Briggs 2001, p11).
If you refer to this work again, in the same paragraph and before you refer to anything else you use:
Biggs (ibid) states that the deep learning approach manifests itself in a desire and ability to ‘focus at a high conceptual level’.

8. Referencing using Harvard Style
However, when you refer to these works in the references at the end of your essay or piece of research, you present far more information about the work.
Biggs, J. (2001) Teaching for Quality Learning at University. Maidenhead:  Open University Press. 
This is the reference style for a book, but there are styles for different resources.

9. Referencing using Harvard Style
How to reference a book
Author’s surname followed by a comma
Author’s initials in capitals, with a full stop after each and a final comma
Year of publication (in brackets)
Full title of the book underlined and followed by a full stop
Edition number followed by abbreviation ‘ed.’followed by a full stop.
Place of publication: town or city, followed by a colon
Publisher - company name followed by a full stop
Williams, S. and Adam-Smith, D. (2006) Contemporary employment relations: a critical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

10. Referencing using Harvard Style
How to reference a journal article
Author’s surname followed by a comma
Author’s initials in capitals, with a full stop after each and a final comma
Year of publication (in brackets)
Full title of the article - not in italics, with capitalisation of first word and proper nouns only - followed by a full stop
Full title of the journal, underlined, with capitalisation of key words and followed by a comma.
Volume number
Issue/Part number in brackets, followed by comma
Page range preceded by ‘pp.’
Grant, B. (2005) Fighting for space in supervision: fantasies, fairytales, fictions and fallacies. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, Vol. 18 (3), pp

11. Referencing using Harvard Style
How to reference a chapter in a book:
Chapter Author’s surname followed by a comma
Author’s initials in capitals, with a full stop after each and a final comma
Year of publication (in brackets)
Title of the chapter followed by word ‘in’
Full title of the book underlined and followed by a full stop
(contd on next slide)

12. Referencing using Harvard Style
How to reference a chapter in a book:
Edition number followed by abbreviation ‘ed.’followed by a full stop.
Place of publication: town or city, followed by a colon
Publisher - company name followed by a full stop
Ketteridge, S. and Shiach, M. (2009) ‘Supervising Research Students’ in Fry, H., Ketteridge, S. and Marshall, S. (eds) A Handbook for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. Abingdon: Routledge. pp

13. Referencing using Harvard Style
Pages from the Internet
Author or source
Year (in brackets)
Title of web document or page - underlined followed by a full stop
Available followed by a colon and the URL
Date of most recent access - in square brackets followed by a full stop.
Health Scotland (2007) NHS Health Scotland [Online]. Available: [1 October 2016].

14. Referencing using Harvard Style
Electronic Journal from a Database
Is similar in style to accessing a web page.
Gunther, M., Evans, G., Mefford, L. et al. (2007) The relationship between leadership styles and empathy among student nurses. Nursing Outlook [Online], Vol. 55(4), p Available: ProQuest [25 April 2016].

15. Referencing using Harvard Style
Referring to conference proceedings
Author’s surname followed by a comma
Authors initials in capitals, with a full stop after each - and a final comma
Year of publication in brackets
Full title of conference paper underlined with capitalisation of first word and proper nouns only, followed by a comma
Full title of conference, followed by a comma
Location, followed by a comma
Date followed by a comma

16. Referencing using Harvard Style
Referencing conference proceedings
Publisher (company name) followed by a colon
Place of publication (town or city) followed by a full stop
Levinson, A.A. (2007) Mission to Mars and beyond, Proceedings of the Apollo II lunar science conference, London August 7-9, London: Pergamon Press.

17. Referencing using Harvard Style
The UWS guide to referencing also covers a huge range of other sources that you can look at for guidance.
It isavailable on Moodle for all students to access, as well as being accessible on the UWS Library website.
REFERENCES must also be provided at the end of an essay or research report, so that the reader can access the information in one place.

18. Plagiarism What is plagiarism?
It is stealing other people’s work or ideas and presenting them as your own.
It is not referencing other people’s theories or facts.
If you plagiarise you will probably be found out and you will face severe penalties.

19. Plagiarism So, how to avoid plagiarism?
Never be tempted to buy essays online!
Don’t copy and paste from websites.
Don’t copy and paste from your pal’s work!
Don’t share your work with others before submission unless you are completely sure you can trust the other person not to copy.

20. Plagiarism
You can plagiarise by accident – simply due to not being fully prepared to write your essay.
You have not acquired enough knowledge to enable you to write confidently about it.
Try to avoid using the author’s words – write your own views/opinions on these.
If you do lapse into paraphrasing then you MUST include a reference.

21. Plagiarism How do we know that it has been plagiarised?
Sudden, but obvious, changes in the writing style and flow of the writing.
Plagiarism software is used on a sample of all essays.
Students have even been know to forget to remove the URLs etc from work that has been copied online!

22. Plagiarism How do we know that it has been plagiarised?
Although you will not submit your final dissertation through Turnitin, it will be set up so that you can run your own work through this and ensure that you have not plagiarised.
If you are found to have plagiarised, your work will fail.

23. Getting advice & support
As well as lecturing staff being able to advise and guide you on this aspect of your work, library services can also assist.
There is some great advice and guidance on the UWS Library website at:
students/library/guides-and-online-help/
Learn how to do this well and you will produce good work throughout your degree.

24. Getting advice & support
Class task 2: October 4, 2016
You have been provided with a range of references – which are correct and which are wrong?