1. Mendelian Genetics
Monohybrid crosses

2. Gene- is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that specify a particular protein.
Genetics is the study of inherited traits.

3. Allele- is a form of a given gene
ex: gene eye color has 2 alleles- brown eye allele or blue eye allele
Diploid- 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid- 1 set of chromosomes

4. Vocabulary:
Homologous chromosomes - 2 chromosomes with the same genes in the same sequence
Phenotype- is what "you look like" or how the genes are expressed
Genotype- is what alleles you actually possess

5. Vocabulary:
Homozygous- two of the same alleles for a given gene. ex: TT, or tt
Heterozygous- two different alleles for the same trait. Tt

6. Alleles-
Dominant alleles- are alleles that are expressed when it is heterozygous Tt->tall
Recessive allele- are alleles that are NOT expressed when it is heterozygous. Tt- short is NOT expressed and the plant is tall.

7. Mendelian Genetics:
Mendelian Genetics- We can use information to predict certain outcomes. This only holds true if the genes are on different chromosomes.
Monohybrid cross-one gene affecting one trait. ex. Allele T=tall, t=short
(Example of Complete Dominance)
TT x tt

8. Mendel’s 1st Law: Mendel's law of segregation:
If an individual is homozygous for a given trait, then only one type of gamete results.
If an individual is heterozygous for a given trait, then when making gametes, 1/2 will contain one allele and the other half will contain the other allele

11. Using Punett squares

12. Using Punett squares

18. Test Cross: Determining the unknown genotype
A test cross is a way to determine whether a dominant phenotype is heterozygous or homozygous.
The individual in question should be crossed with homozygous recessive and then examine results.

19. Example: Make a Punnett square!
i.e. A person is given a green pea and asked to determine it genotype, GG or Gg. To do this the green pea must be crossed with a yellow pea and the results examined.
Make a Punnett square and do the test cross!

22. What are the genotypes? Can you determine the genotype of the parents?
T- tall G - green
t- short g- yellow
Tall yellow X short green
52 Tall green and 49 Tall yellow
What are the genotypes of the parents?
B. Tall yellow X short green
56 Tall green

23. Mendel’s 2nd Law:
Mendel's law of independent assortment- if an organism is heterozygous for 2 genes (AaBb) found on 2 different chromosomes, then those genes will assort independent of one another in the process of meiosis in the formation of gametes.