1. Phonetics & Phonology 2

2. Phonology studies the distribution of sounds in a language.
Studies the interaction between sounds.
phonology provides an inventory of sounds, and specifies how sounds interact with each other

3. Phonotactic Constraints:
To do a phonological analysis, we rely on its phonetics.
Phonotactic constraints are restrictions specifying the possible sounds in a language.
Cant be at the initial of an English word [ ʒ ], and [ ŋ ]

4. V a CV no VC at
CVC
not
VCC
ask
CVCC
ramp
VCCC
asked
CVCCC
ramps
CCV
flew
CCCV
spree
CCVC
flute
CCCVC
spleen
CCVCC
flutes
CCCVCC
strength
CCVCCC
crafts
CCCVCCC
strengths

5. The Foreign Accent:
applying the phonotactic constraints of one language on another language.
[ɛstudɛnt] = [st] [sk] [sp]
[zis] = substitutes the sound [ð] with [z]
sound substitution.

6. pin , spin , bin
pin = spin
aspirated [pʰ] = unaspirated [p]
[map] = [mapʰ] = noncontrastive
a phoneme “is a class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound; a mental entity (or category) related to various allophones by phonological rules”

7. phoneme / / , phone or allophone [ ]
/p/ =[p] , [pʰ]
[p] , [pʰ] = allophones = phonetically different
phonemes: the abstract entities
allophones: the physical entities

9. How to identify phonemes and allophones?
we need to observe the distribution
The distribution of a phone is “the set of phonetic environments in which it occurs”
There are types of distribution which are: contrastive distribution, complementary distribution, and free variation.

10. [p] and [pʰ], in Hindi they are NOT allophones of the phoneme /p/ because they can be contrasted.
In Hindi, they are in contrastive distribution
To test whether two sounds are contrastive or not, we use minimal pairs.
Minimal pairs are pair of sounds that differ in only one sound and have different meanings

11. [ ʈʰi:m] team vs. [ʈʰi:n] teen
/m/ and /n/ are contrastive in English because they can be used to contrast meaning. So, /m/ and /n/ are two separate phonemes

12. In English [p] and [pʰ] are not contrastive because contrasting them does not change meaning. Then, they are said to be in complementary distribution. We say that two sounds that are in complementary distribution are allophones of one phoneme, and the occurrence of the two allophones is predictable.
Then, we can predict that the allophone [pʰ], and not [p], will appear at the beginning of a word, as in pot; and that [p], and not [pʰ], will follow [s], as in spin.

13. Contrastive
Allophonic
Relation to phonemes
Allophones of separate phonemes
Allophones of the same phoneme
Predictability of distribution
Unpredictably distributed
Predictably distributed
How you can tell
Contrastive distribution; minimal pairs
Complementary distribution

14. Phonological Rules

15. To link between phonetics and phonology, we need phonological rules
To link between phonetics and phonology, we need phonological rules. “ A speaker’s knowledge of phonological rules allows him or her to “translate” phonemes into actual speech sounds”
these phonological rules represents a part of our linguistic competence.

16. A phonological rule has three parts:
The sound(s) affected by the rule
The environment where the rule applies
The result of the rule

17. seat [sit] -- seated [siɾɪd]
loot [lut] -- looted [luɾɪd]
/t/ is pronounced as
[ɾ] after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel
[t] everywhere else

18. X ---> Y / C_D.
X: the sound affected by the rule
Y: the result of the rule
C_D: the environment in which the rule applies. It can be called the conditioning environment.
X becomes Y when it comes after C and before D.

19. /t/ ---> [ɾ] / stressed vowel_unstressed vowel
/t/ ---> [t] / everywhere else

20. Types of phonological rules
Aspiration:In English: Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable. e.g. pat [pʰæt]
Deletion:In English /h/-deletion: /h/ may be deleted in unstressed syllables. e.g. He handed her his hat /hi hændəd hɹ hɪz hæt/ --> /hi hændəd ɹ ɪz hæt/

21. The End