1. Sexual Health

2. Sexual Anatomy and Functioning
Male and female sex organs arise from the same undifferentiated tissue during the prenatal period.
Hormones influence the development of male or female organs
Male and female sex organs are similar, and their purpose and functions are complementary

3. Homologous Structures - Adult

4. External Structures: The Vulva
Mons pubis
Clitoris
Labia majora
Labia minora

5. Figure 11.1 Female sexual and reproductive anatomy.
(a) External organs; (b) internal organs.

6. Internal Structures
Vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries

7. Internal Structures

8. Vagina Encompasses penis during coitus (vaginal intercourse)
Two reproductive functions:
Encompasses penis during coitus (vaginal intercourse)
Birth canal
3” to 5” inches in length
Introitus: the lower third of the vagina
The majority vaginal nerve endings
Hymen: thin membrane that partially covers introitus
Grafenberg Spot (G-spot)
An erotically sensitive area on front wall of the vagina mid-way between pubic bone and cervix
Female ejaculation

9. G-Spot

10. Uterus Hollow, thick-walled muscular organ
Accommodates developing fetus during pregnancy
Approximately 3” by 3” in women who have not given birth
Endometrium: inner lining
Menstruation: removal of the endometrium
Cervix: the tapered end of the uterus, extends and opens into the vagina

11. Uterine Anatomy

12. Ovaries Gonads that produce gametes
Produce egg cells (oocytes; ova) for reproduction
Two ovaries; size and shape of large almonds
Ovaries release oocytes in a process called ovulation

13. The Ovary

14. Fallopian Tubes Also known as uterine tubes Extend toward ovary
Fimbriae: fingerlike projections that do not connect to the ovary
Pathway for ovum to reach the uterus

15. Other Structures Urethra: tube through which urine passes
Urethral opening
Perineum: area between genitals and anus
Pelvic floor

16. Breasts
Reproductive function of female breasts is to nourish offspring through lactation
Composed of fatty tissue and lobes that radiate around a central nipple
Areola: the ring of darkened skin around nipple
Nipples erect in response to stimulation, cold, or sexual arousal
Women differ in the breast stimulation they find pleasurable

17. The Female Breast

18. External Structures
The penis
The scrotum

19. External Male Sexual Structures
Circumcised vs. Intact Penis

20. Figure 11.2 Male sexual and reproductive anatomy.
(a)External organs; (b) internal organs.

21. The Penis Glans penis: head of penis; most sensitive
Corona: rim at base of the glans
Frenulum: on underside of penis; extends from corona to foreskin
Foreskin: sleeve-like covering of the glans
Circumcision
Urethra: a tube that transports urine and semen
When penis erect, urinary duct is blocked

22. The Scrotum A pouch of skin that holds the two testicles
Scrotum skin more heavily pigmented
Sparsely covered with hair
Divided in the middle by a ridge of skin
Testicle temperature control: 93°F

23. Internal Structures Testes:
Two major functions: sperm and hormone production
Shaped like olives; 1.5” long and 1” diameter.
Size and weight decrease as men age
Not usually symmetrical in the way they hang
Suspended by spermatic cord
Within each testicle, there are about Seminiferous tubules: Production of sperm takes place in these tubes

24. Internal Structures Epididymis Vas Deferens
C shaped structure on the back of the teste
Sperm mature in epididymis
Vas Deferens
The ducts that carry sperm from testicles to urethra for ejaculation
Vas deferens joins the ejaculatory duct within prostate gland

25. Internal Lateral View of Male Sex Organs

26. Cross section – Epididymis, Vas deferens

27. Internal Structures Seminal vesicles Prostate gland
Secrete fluid that makes up 60% of semen
Prostate gland
Secretes fluid that makes up 30-35% of semen
Can be stimulated in anal play
Cowper’s (bulbourethral) glands
Secrete thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation
Urethra
HLED 403 Human Sexuality

28. Sexual Response
Sex drive, also known as sexual desire or libido, is a biological urge for sexual activity
Testosterone is the principle hormone responsible for the sex drive in both men and women
Produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both sexes
People typically seek to satisfy the sex drive through physical stimulation and release, either with a partner or through masturbation

29. Sexual Arousal
Sexual arousal on the physiological level involves vasocongestion and myotonia.
Vasocongestion: the inflow of blood to tissues in the erogenous areas
Myotonia: the voluntary or involuntary muscle tension that occurs in response to sexual stimulation

30. The Human Sexual Response Model
Excitement stage: arousal
Plateau stage: leveling off of arousal immediately before orgasm
Orgasm stage: rhythmic contraction in the genital area and a sensation of intense pleasure
Resolution stage: return of the body back to an unexcited, relaxed stage
Men enter a refractory period, lasting from minutes to hours
Women do not experience a refractory period, and can experience multiple orgasms

31. Figure 11.3 The human sexual response model (female).

32. Figure 11.3 The human sexual response model (male).

33. Orgasm
Orgasm: physiological reflex usually felt as waves of intense pleasure accompanied by contractions in the penis, vagina, or uterus
Also influenced by physical, emotional, psychological, interpersonal, and environmental factors
Can be localized or generalized throughout the body
About a third of women reach orgasm via intercourse, but many women need direct stimulation of the clitoris to reach orgasm
Some people pretend to reach orgasm

34. Figure 11.4 Factors inhibiting women’s orgasm during intercourse.

35. Sexual Development and Health Across the Lifespan
The biology of sexual and reproductive development is directed by hormones:
Androgens: male sex hormones secreted by the testes
Estrogens and progestins: produced by ovaries

36. Sexual Development and Health Across the Lifespan
Stages of sexual development:
In boys, voice deepens, facial hair grows, and onset of ejaculation occurs at puberty
In girls, breasts develop, body fat increases, and menarche—onset of menstruation—occurs at puberty
Menses: flow of menstrual blood; the menstrual period
Menopause: cessation of menstruation
Men do not experience as dramatic a change in reproductive capacity in midlife like women
These biological changes have only a marginal effect on sexual interest and activity

37. Sexuality and Disability
Most people with disabilities can have a rewarding sex life
As an example, a person with a spinal cord injury may not be able to have an orgasm, but he or she may be able to have intercourse, experience sensuous feelings in other parts of the body, or have a child
As in any relationship, the key is nurturing emotional as well as sexual intimacy

38. Common Forms of Sexual Expression
Rather than thinking in terms of “normalcy,” social scientists think of behavior as typical or less typical
Typical forms of sexual behavior and expression:
Celibacy and abstinence
Erotic touch (foreplay)
Kissing
Self-stimulation (autoerotic behaviors; masturbation)
Oral-genital stimulation (cunnilingus; fellatio)
Anal intercourse
Sexual intercourse (coitus)

39. Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias
Atypical sexual behaviors are practiced by consenting partners
Paraphilias are practiced by an individual
Most have victims and are illegal, and many are classified as mental disorders
Treatment focuses initially on reducing the danger to the patient and potential victims, and then on strategies to suppress the behavior

40. Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias
Examples of atypical sexual behaviors:
Sexting
Enacting sexual fantasies
Sex toys
Phone sex
Bondage and discipline
Sensory deprivation
Examples of paraphilias:
Making obscene phonecalls
Exhibitionism
Voyeurism
Telephone scatologia
Sexual sadism/masochism
Pedophilia

41. Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias
Sexual addiction is a compulsive, out-of- control sexual behavior that results in severe negative consequences
Sexual anorexia involves an intense fear of sexual contact or intimacy, a preoccupation with sexual matters, rigid and judgmental attitudes toward sex, and shame and self- hatred over sex

42. Sexual Dysfunctions
Sexual dysfunction: disturbance in sexual drive, performance, or satisfaction that may occur at any point in the sexual response cycle
May occur at any point in the sexual response
Most forms are treatable

43. Female Sexual Dysfunctions
Common sexual dysfunctions in women:
Pain during intercourse (vaginismus)
Kegel exercises may be recommended
Sexual desire disorder and sexual discrepancy
Female sexual arousal disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
One approach to treatment is testosterone replacement therapy
Another is Addyi, approved in 2015, which affects the neurotransmitter balance

44. Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Common sexual dysfunctions in men:
Pain during intercourse
Sexual desire disorder
Erectile dysfunction (ED)
Ejaculation dysfunction (premature ejaculation)
Treatment often relies on testosterone and other medications; correcting unhealthy lifestyles and working on relationships is also important

45. Protecting Your Sexual Health
Safer sex practices prevent the exchange of body fluids during sex
One safer sex practice: using a condom
Condom (or male condom) fits over the erect penis and provides a barrier against infection or unplanned pregnancy
Female condom is inserted into the vagina and covers more of the genital area
Spermicidal foam may also be used
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) pills taken in combination with condoms are used for people at high risk for HIV

46. Protecting Your Sexual Health (2)
Dental dams should be used during oral sex
“Outercourse” involves sex acts such as kissing and rubbing or stroking that do not involve genital contact or penetration

47. Communicating About Sex
Communication is another key to safeguarding your health
Questions to ask:
Are you having sex with anyone else?
Have you ever had an STI?
How many sexual partners have you had?
When was the last time you were tested for STIs? Would you be willing to get tested along with me?
Are you willing to use condoms?

48. Sex and Culture: Issues for the 21st Century
Hooking up
Abstinence
Condom accessibility on college campuses
Cybersex
Sexting
Internet pornography
Revenge porn
Teledildonics

49. Misuse of ED Drugs by Young Men
Viagra and ED drugs are taken by young men who mistakenly believe they will quickly and easily attain an erection that will allow them to have sex for hours
Any effect these drugs seem to have is more likely a placebo effect
Combining ED drugs with alcohol or illicit substances can be life-threatening

50. Crystal Meth and Sex
Use of crystal meth in “party-and-play” sex marathons often result in trauma to sex organs that increases risk for STIs and HIV
Crystal meth can also cause erectile dysfunction

51. In Review
How do the sex organs function, and what are the components of sexual response?
What are the common varieties of sexual behavior?
What are sexual dysfunctions in males and in females?
What are the best ways to protect your sexual health?
What are important sex-related issues in the 21st century?