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Sexual Health
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Sexual Anatomy and Functioning
Male and female sex organs arise from the same undifferentiated tissue during the prenatal period. Hormones influence the development of male or female organs Male and female sex organs are similar, and their purpose and functions are complementary
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Homologous Structures - Adult
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External Structures: The Vulva
Mons pubis Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora
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Figure 11.1 Female sexual and reproductive anatomy.
(a) External organs; (b) internal organs.
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Internal Structures Vagina Cervix Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries
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Internal Structures
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Vagina Encompasses penis during coitus (vaginal intercourse)
Two reproductive functions: Encompasses penis during coitus (vaginal intercourse) Birth canal 3” to 5” inches in length Introitus: the lower third of the vagina The majority vaginal nerve endings Hymen: thin membrane that partially covers introitus Grafenberg Spot (G-spot) An erotically sensitive area on front wall of the vagina mid-way between pubic bone and cervix Female ejaculation
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G-Spot
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Uterus Hollow, thick-walled muscular organ
Accommodates developing fetus during pregnancy Approximately 3” by 3” in women who have not given birth Endometrium: inner lining Menstruation: removal of the endometrium Cervix: the tapered end of the uterus, extends and opens into the vagina
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Uterine Anatomy
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Ovaries Gonads that produce gametes
Produce egg cells (oocytes; ova) for reproduction Two ovaries; size and shape of large almonds Ovaries release oocytes in a process called ovulation
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The Ovary
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Fallopian Tubes Also known as uterine tubes Extend toward ovary
Fimbriae: fingerlike projections that do not connect to the ovary Pathway for ovum to reach the uterus
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Other Structures Urethra: tube through which urine passes
Urethral opening Perineum: area between genitals and anus Pelvic floor
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Breasts Reproductive function of female breasts is to nourish offspring through lactation Composed of fatty tissue and lobes that radiate around a central nipple Areola: the ring of darkened skin around nipple Nipples erect in response to stimulation, cold, or sexual arousal Women differ in the breast stimulation they find pleasurable
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The Female Breast
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External Structures The penis The scrotum
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External Male Sexual Structures
Circumcised vs. Intact Penis
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Figure 11.2 Male sexual and reproductive anatomy.
(a)External organs; (b) internal organs.
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The Penis Glans penis: head of penis; most sensitive
Corona: rim at base of the glans Frenulum: on underside of penis; extends from corona to foreskin Foreskin: sleeve-like covering of the glans Circumcision Urethra: a tube that transports urine and semen When penis erect, urinary duct is blocked
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The Scrotum A pouch of skin that holds the two testicles
Scrotum skin more heavily pigmented Sparsely covered with hair Divided in the middle by a ridge of skin Testicle temperature control: 93°F
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Internal Structures Testes:
Two major functions: sperm and hormone production Shaped like olives; 1.5” long and 1” diameter. Size and weight decrease as men age Not usually symmetrical in the way they hang Suspended by spermatic cord Within each testicle, there are about Seminiferous tubules: Production of sperm takes place in these tubes
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Internal Structures Epididymis Vas Deferens
C shaped structure on the back of the teste Sperm mature in epididymis Vas Deferens The ducts that carry sperm from testicles to urethra for ejaculation Vas deferens joins the ejaculatory duct within prostate gland
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Internal Lateral View of Male Sex Organs
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Cross section – Epididymis, Vas deferens
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Internal Structures Seminal vesicles Prostate gland
Secrete fluid that makes up 60% of semen Prostate gland Secretes fluid that makes up 30-35% of semen Can be stimulated in anal play Cowper’s (bulbourethral) glands Secrete thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation Urethra HLED 403 Human Sexuality
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Sexual Response Sex drive, also known as sexual desire or libido, is a biological urge for sexual activity Testosterone is the principle hormone responsible for the sex drive in both men and women Produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both sexes People typically seek to satisfy the sex drive through physical stimulation and release, either with a partner or through masturbation
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Sexual Arousal Sexual arousal on the physiological level involves vasocongestion and myotonia. Vasocongestion: the inflow of blood to tissues in the erogenous areas Myotonia: the voluntary or involuntary muscle tension that occurs in response to sexual stimulation
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The Human Sexual Response Model
Excitement stage: arousal Plateau stage: leveling off of arousal immediately before orgasm Orgasm stage: rhythmic contraction in the genital area and a sensation of intense pleasure Resolution stage: return of the body back to an unexcited, relaxed stage Men enter a refractory period, lasting from minutes to hours Women do not experience a refractory period, and can experience multiple orgasms
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Figure 11.3 The human sexual response model (female).
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Figure 11.3 The human sexual response model (male).
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Orgasm Orgasm: physiological reflex usually felt as waves of intense pleasure accompanied by contractions in the penis, vagina, or uterus Also influenced by physical, emotional, psychological, interpersonal, and environmental factors Can be localized or generalized throughout the body About a third of women reach orgasm via intercourse, but many women need direct stimulation of the clitoris to reach orgasm Some people pretend to reach orgasm
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Figure 11.4 Factors inhibiting women’s orgasm during intercourse.
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Sexual Development and Health Across the Lifespan
The biology of sexual and reproductive development is directed by hormones: Androgens: male sex hormones secreted by the testes Estrogens and progestins: produced by ovaries
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Sexual Development and Health Across the Lifespan
Stages of sexual development: In boys, voice deepens, facial hair grows, and onset of ejaculation occurs at puberty In girls, breasts develop, body fat increases, and menarche—onset of menstruation—occurs at puberty Menses: flow of menstrual blood; the menstrual period Menopause: cessation of menstruation Men do not experience as dramatic a change in reproductive capacity in midlife like women These biological changes have only a marginal effect on sexual interest and activity
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Sexuality and Disability
Most people with disabilities can have a rewarding sex life As an example, a person with a spinal cord injury may not be able to have an orgasm, but he or she may be able to have intercourse, experience sensuous feelings in other parts of the body, or have a child As in any relationship, the key is nurturing emotional as well as sexual intimacy
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Common Forms of Sexual Expression
Rather than thinking in terms of “normalcy,” social scientists think of behavior as typical or less typical Typical forms of sexual behavior and expression: Celibacy and abstinence Erotic touch (foreplay) Kissing Self-stimulation (autoerotic behaviors; masturbation) Oral-genital stimulation (cunnilingus; fellatio) Anal intercourse Sexual intercourse (coitus)
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Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias
Atypical sexual behaviors are practiced by consenting partners Paraphilias are practiced by an individual Most have victims and are illegal, and many are classified as mental disorders Treatment focuses initially on reducing the danger to the patient and potential victims, and then on strategies to suppress the behavior
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Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias
Examples of atypical sexual behaviors: Sexting Enacting sexual fantasies Sex toys Phone sex Bondage and discipline Sensory deprivation Examples of paraphilias: Making obscene phonecalls Exhibitionism Voyeurism Telephone scatologia Sexual sadism/masochism Pedophilia
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Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias
Sexual addiction is a compulsive, out-of- control sexual behavior that results in severe negative consequences Sexual anorexia involves an intense fear of sexual contact or intimacy, a preoccupation with sexual matters, rigid and judgmental attitudes toward sex, and shame and self- hatred over sex
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Sexual Dysfunctions Sexual dysfunction: disturbance in sexual drive, performance, or satisfaction that may occur at any point in the sexual response cycle May occur at any point in the sexual response Most forms are treatable
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Female Sexual Dysfunctions
Common sexual dysfunctions in women: Pain during intercourse (vaginismus) Kegel exercises may be recommended Sexual desire disorder and sexual discrepancy Female sexual arousal disorder Orgasmic dysfunction One approach to treatment is testosterone replacement therapy Another is Addyi, approved in 2015, which affects the neurotransmitter balance
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Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Common sexual dysfunctions in men: Pain during intercourse Sexual desire disorder Erectile dysfunction (ED) Ejaculation dysfunction (premature ejaculation) Treatment often relies on testosterone and other medications; correcting unhealthy lifestyles and working on relationships is also important
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Protecting Your Sexual Health
Safer sex practices prevent the exchange of body fluids during sex One safer sex practice: using a condom Condom (or male condom) fits over the erect penis and provides a barrier against infection or unplanned pregnancy Female condom is inserted into the vagina and covers more of the genital area Spermicidal foam may also be used Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) pills taken in combination with condoms are used for people at high risk for HIV
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Protecting Your Sexual Health (2)
Dental dams should be used during oral sex “Outercourse” involves sex acts such as kissing and rubbing or stroking that do not involve genital contact or penetration
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Communicating About Sex
Communication is another key to safeguarding your health Questions to ask: Are you having sex with anyone else? Have you ever had an STI? How many sexual partners have you had? When was the last time you were tested for STIs? Would you be willing to get tested along with me? Are you willing to use condoms?
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Sex and Culture: Issues for the 21st Century
Hooking up Abstinence Condom accessibility on college campuses Cybersex Sexting Internet pornography Revenge porn Teledildonics
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Misuse of ED Drugs by Young Men
Viagra and ED drugs are taken by young men who mistakenly believe they will quickly and easily attain an erection that will allow them to have sex for hours Any effect these drugs seem to have is more likely a placebo effect Combining ED drugs with alcohol or illicit substances can be life-threatening
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Crystal Meth and Sex Use of crystal meth in “party-and-play” sex marathons often result in trauma to sex organs that increases risk for STIs and HIV Crystal meth can also cause erectile dysfunction
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In Review How do the sex organs function, and what are the components of sexual response? What are the common varieties of sexual behavior? What are sexual dysfunctions in males and in females? What are the best ways to protect your sexual health? What are important sex-related issues in the 21st century?
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