1. Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
By Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson
© 2013 Cengage

2. Presentation Overview
Vitamins: Chemistry, functions & categories
Minerals: Chemistry, functions & categories
Water: Functions, intake & excretion

3. The Vitamins Some vitamins are essential.
Without an intake of, nutritional deficiencies occur.
Vitamins are organic compounds.
They contain the element carbon.
All vitamins are non-caloric.

4. The Vitamins
All vitamins are needed in tiny amounts for cell metabolism
microgram (µg, mcg, ug) or
milligram (mg) amounts
As compared to gram amounts for carbohydrates, proteins and fats

5. Functions of Vitamins In cell chemistry or metabolism.
Vitamins & minerals can function as specific cofactors for specific enzymes.
Enzymes are protein based molecules that catalyze chemical reactions (drive metabolism).
Many enzymes require a partner called a cofactor or coenzyme to function.

6. Enzymes & Cofactors in Metabolism
BioBeat 1.6 pg 30
Examples:
The vitamin folate is a cofactor for the enzyme homocysteine transmethylase.
The mineral selenium is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase.

7. Categories of Vitamins Fat vs Water Soluble
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Chemical structures are in appendix A

8. Categories of Vitamins Fat vs Water Soluble
The Water Soluble Vitamins B6
Thiamin
Folate
Choline
Riboflavin
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin C
B12
Niacin
Biotin
Chemical structures are in appendix A

9. Vitamins
Other compounds have vitamin activity in animals, but deficiencies have not been shown in humans.
The aforementioned vitamins are essential in human nutrition.

10. Minerals Some minerals are essential.
Without an intake of, nutritional deficiencies occur.
All minerals are elements.
All minerals are inorganic substances.
this is because minerals are unique elements and are not compounds containing carbon.

11. Minerals All minerals are non-caloric
All minerals are needed in tiny amounts for cellular metabolism and structure
Microgram (µg)
Milligram (mg) amounts
As compared to gram amounts for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

12. The Periodic Table of Elements
Shows all the elements that are naturally found in the earth.
Each element has unique physical properties such as melting point, crystalline structure, boiling point, and molecular weight.
Some of the elements naturally found in earth are essential for the human body to function and are called minerals.

13. Periodic Table of the Elements Nutritional Application for Essential Minerals
Major Minerals: Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Sulfur (S)
Trace Minerals: Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Iodine (I), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Fluoride (F), Cobalt (Co).

14. Functions of Minerals
The majority of minerals in the human body play a structural role.
Structural such as calcium in bone structure and as integral components of proteins such as iron & hemoglobin or iodine & thyroxin.
Also as cofactors of enzymes in metabolism.

15. Water Follows ElectrolytesH+
Water & Body fluid regulation by the electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride
Na+
Cl- K+
O- - H+
O- - H+
O- - H+ K+
O- - H+
Na+
O- - H+
O- - H+
Cl-
O- - H+
O- - H+
O- - H+
O- - H+
O- - H+
O- - H+
O- - H+
O- - H+
O- - H+
O- - H+

16. pH Scale Some minerals help maintain acid-base balance Basic 14 13 1211 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Neutral
Acidic
Basic
7.45
7.35
Death
Alkalosis
Normal
Acidosis
Water
Lye
Baking Soda
Pancreatic Juice
Blood
Urine
Ammonia
Coffee
Orange Juice
Vinegar
Lemon Juice
Stomach Acid
Battery Acid
Some minerals help maintain acid-base balance
pH of blood is 7.4.

17. The Chemistry of Buffers
The bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system starts with sodium bicarbonate dissociated in water: - =0 + Na
O-C-O-H
When acid such as hydrochloric acid is added: + -
HCl H + Cl
The sodium & chloride electrically balance each other: + - Na Cl

18. The Chemistry of Buffers
The bicarbonate combines with the hydrogen to yield carbonic acid: =0 =0 + - H
O-C-O-H
H-O-C-O-H +
Being unstable, carbonic acid releases carbon dioxide, which is expelled in the breath. Water remains.
0=C=O
H-O-H

19. Categories of Minerals
There are 17 minerals essential for proper growth & function of the human body.
Minerals are categorized as Major & Trace.
The category is based on the amount of mineral present in the human body.

20. Major Minerals
Found in the adult reference male body in quantities greater than 5 grams.
Bone: Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg)
Water: Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K)
Lean Body Mass (LBM): Sulfur (S)

21. Trace Minerals
Found in the adult reference male body in quantities less than or equal to 5 grams
Include: Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Iodine (I), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Fluoride (F), and Cobalt (Co)

22. Major and Trace Minerals
Minerals needed in adult reference body (~75 – 79 kg person)

23. Major Minerals need >100 mg/day

24. Trace Minerals need >100 mg/day

25. Other Minerals
Other minerals are found in the human body but are not recognized as essential. For example:
Nickel is a structural requirement for some metalloenzymes.
Boron has recently been shown to function in calcium metabolism.
Silicon, tin, vanadium and cadmium are found in the human body but no metabolic role has been identified.

26. Water Non-Energy Yield: Water provides 0 Calories/gram.
Functions: Water is the medium for metabolism & nutrient transport.
It is the fluid of life.
Without water intake, dysfunction to death will occur faster than the limitation of any other of the essential nutrients in human nutrition.
H20
Inorganic Compound

27. Water: Recommended Intake
There is no “one-size-fits-all” water intake recommend.
Needs vary depending on activity & environmental conditions.
For water balance:
Consume 1 ml water/Calorie expended.
This is not an optimal level of water intake.
DRI for water for those >19 years:
Men: 3.7 L/day (approx. 15 cups)
Women: 2.7 L/day (approx. 11 cups)
H20
Inorganic Compound
Pediatrics – Holiday-segar method
IOM – based on age ~35ml/kg
Geriatrics – 30ml/kg

28. Water: Excretion Most body waste is excreted in the urine.
Kidneys excrete more efficiently into dilute urine.
Drinking fluid promotes the excretion of toxic metabolic waste products.
Strive to consume enough fluids to produce clear urine every few hours.
H20
Inorganic Compound

29. Water
Thirst mechanisms do not provide motivation to drink until an individual is 2% dehydrated.
At this point, the function of the cardiovascular system is decreased.
Thus, individuals need to learn to drink when they are not thirsty.
H20
Inorganic Compound

30. Summary The Non-Caloric nutrients are vitamins, minerals and water.
Vitamins & minerals are micronutrients.
Vitamins are categorized as fat & water soluble.
Minerals are categorized as major & trace.
Water is the fluid of life.
References for this presentation are the same as those for this topic found in module 1 of the textbook