1. Transcription & Translation
Sec 8.4 & 8.5

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Making Proteins
DNA can not make proteins
DNA must be converted into RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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3. Central Dogma 2 step process
The flow of information from DNA---RNA---Proteins
Transcription occurs in nucleus
Translation occurs in cytoplasm

4. RNA Nucleic acid Made of nucleotides (monomers)
Difference between RNA & DNA
RNA has ribose vs. deoxyribose
RNA had base the Uracil vs. Thymine
Adenine will pair with Uracil (pyramidine-one ring C-U-T)
Nucleotides = sugar, phosphate, base
All sugars end in= OSE
A-U

5. 3 Types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries info from DNA to Ribosomes (read RNA/make proteins)
Codons(3 consecutive bases) that code for amino acids
1 codon = 1 amino acid
2. Ribosomal (rRNA) – part of the ribosom
3. Transfer (tRNA) – transfer info from mRNA to polypeptide or protein
Anticodons that pair w/ codons

6. Transcription The process of making a copy of RNA from a DNA molecule.
Make 3 types (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)
Accomplished by RNA Polymerase (acts like Helicase)
Gets copied
Start of gene
End s
Make RNA. Only transcribe one side or the other. The side that is transcribed (COPY) is called the an
Not copied

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RNA Polymerase will copy info in the DNA.
There will be complimentary bonding (C-G, A-U) and create a transcript.
The copy is called mRNA
mRNA will go the cytoplasm to make a protein
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mRNA now moves thru a ribosome (make protein)
Every 3 letters in mRNA will code for 1 amino acid. This gives lots of variety.
4 letters in DNA & RNA (ATCG, AUCG)
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Transfer (tRNA)
Transfer RNA amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes to attach them the growing polypetide chain which will become proteins
tRNA go to ribosome, drops on amino acids. Next go to cytoplasm.
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