1. Role of serotonin and nuclear factor-kappa B in the ameliorative effect of ginger on acetic acid-induced colitis 
Eman S.H. Abd Allah, Rania Makboul, Amany O. Mohamed 
Pathophysiology 
Volume 23, Issue 1, Pages (March 2016)
DOI: /j.pathophys
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1 Percentage change in body weight in all studied groups.
Data are presented as means±SEM (n=6 in each group). aSignificant as compared with normal control group P<0.05; bsignificant as compared with control ginger group P<0.05; csignificant as compared with colitis-24h P<0.05; dsignificant as compared with colitis-5-days P<0.05; esignificant when comparing ginger-preventive with ginger-treated P<0.05.
Pathophysiology  , 35-42DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Macroscopic presentation of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.
(A) Normal control group showing normal mucosal appearance of the colon; (B) control ginger group, similar to the normal control group; (C) colitis-24h group showing edema with bleeding and erosions; (D) ginger-preventive group showing mucosal erythema; (E) colitis-5-days group showing edema and areas of suppuration and (F) ginger-treated group showing nearly normal mucosal appearance.
Pathophysiology  , 35-42DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Microscopic presentation of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats stained by haematoxylin and eosin (×400).
(A) Normal control group showing tall columnar mucosal lining with goblet cells; (B) control ginger group; (C) colitis-24h group showing erosions, necrosis of colonic epithelial cells and infiltration by acute and chronic inflammatory cells; (D) ginger-preventive group showing minute erosions in the mucosal surface, minimal hemorrhage and marked decrease in the number of inflammatory cells; (E) colitis-5-days groups showing extensive ulceration and infiltration by acute and chronic inflammatory cells and (F) ginger-treated group showing restoration of the colon to normal.
Pathophysiology  , 35-42DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Immunohistochemical expression of NF-κB in all studied groups (×400). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
A and B showing minimal NF-κB cytoplasmic expression in few epithelial cells in the colon of the normal and ginger control groups, respectively in the form of scattered fine brown granules. C and E showing marked increased cytoplasmic expression in colonic epithelial cells and in inflammatory cells (arrows) with some nuclear expression of NF-κB in colonic epithelial cells (inset) in E (arrow head) in colitis-24h and colitis-5-days, respectively. (D) Ginger-preventive group showing decreased cytoplasmic NF-κB expression than that in colitis-24h. (F) Ginger-treated group showing few cells with mild NF-κB cytoplasmic expression nearly similar to that of the controls. Positive staining is indicated by the brown color detected by UltraVision Detection System anti-polyvalent, HRP/DAB.
Pathophysiology  , 35-42DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions