1. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

2. Chapter Preview Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior
Anxiety-Related Disorders
Mood-Related Disorders
Suicide
Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Health and Wellness
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3. Abnormal Behavior Behavior that is… deviant (atypical)
maladaptive (dysfunctional)
personally distressing (despair)
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4. Theoretical Approaches
Biological Approach: Medical Model
disorders with biological origins
Psychological Approach
experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality
Sociocultural Approach
social context
Biopsychosocial Model
interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors
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5. DSM-V Classification System
Advantages
provides a common basis for communication
helps clinicians make predictions
naming the disorder can provide comfort
Disadvantages
stigma (shame, negative reputation)
medical terminology implies internal cause
focus on weaknesses, ignores strengths
Note: More Advantages & Disadvantages: Naming the disorder can also collect insurance benefits. And, in some cases, it can make a client feel justified in their inappropriate behavior.
DSM-V: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- the major classification of psychological disorders in the US- p.503
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6. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
over-diagnosed
Diagnoses skyrocketed by 2000% from 1988 to 2010.
traditionally considered a childhood disorder
2/3rds persist to adulthood

7. Anxiety-Related Disorders
uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive
generalized anxiety disorder
panic disorder
specific phobia
social anxiety disorder
Anxiety-related, but not DSM-5 anxiety disorders:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
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8. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
persistent anxiety for at least 6 months
inability to specify reasons for the anxiety
Etiology
biological factors
- genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, respiration
psychological and sociocultural factors
harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma
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9. Panic Disorder Diagnosis and Symptoms Etiology
recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur without warning
Etiology
biological factors: genetic predisposition
psychological factors: conditioning to CO2
sociocultural factors: gender differences
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10. Specific Phobia Diagnosis and Symptoms Etiology
an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation (e.g., spider phobia)
Etiology
psychological factors: learned
biological factors: genetic disposition
Suggestion: Could have students list off the most common objects/situations they find fearful.
Note: Help students understand that a fear of (for example) snakes is not necessarily a snake-phobia. There are rational reasons to fear snakes. It is when that fear becomes unreasonable and debilitating that it counts as a phobia, such as quitting school because you heard a rumor that a snake was found in one of the lecture halls.
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11. Examples of Phobic Disorders
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12. Social Anxiety Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations
Etiology
biological factors:
genetic disposition
neural circuitry
serotonin
psychological factors:
over-protective / rejecting parenting
social experiences
Agoraphobia: An extreme fear of venturing into public places. Agoraphobia often
develops following a panic attack. People with agoraphobia fear being in places from
which they cannot easily escape. In severe cases, they may refuse to leave their home
because this is the only place they feel safe.
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13. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation
Etiology
biological factors:
genetic predisposition
neurotransmitters
psychological factors: avoidance learning
Discussion: Ask students what is the difference between being an orderly person who likes things to be clean, and having a cleaning compulsion.
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14. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters
Flashbacks
avoidance of emotional experiences
anxiety, excessive arousal
difficulties with memory and concentration
impulsive outbursts
Suggestion: Ask students to suggest possible life-experiences that could result in PTSD.
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15. Mood-Related Disorders
disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state
Symptoms may include
cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms
interpersonal difficulties
Types
major depressive disorder
Mood-related but not DSM-5 mood disorder:
bipolar disorder
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16. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Diagnosis and Symptoms
significant depressive episode that lasts for at least two weeks
daily functioning is impaired
symptoms may include
fatigue, sense of worthlessness, reduced interest
appetite & sleep disturbance
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17. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Etiology
biological factors:
genetic disposition
underactive prefrontal cortex
regulation of neurotransmitters
psychological factors:
learned helplessness
ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts
pessimistic attribution
sociocultural factors
poverty
gender differences
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18. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar I and Bipolar II
Characterized by extreme mood swings that include mania
Frequency and separation of episodes
usually separated by 6 months to a year
Etiology
strong genetic component
swings in metabolic activity in cerebral cortex
levels of neurotransmitters
Mania: overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state – p. 514
(black box)
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19. Dissociative Disorders
sudden loss of memory or change in identity
Dissociation
protection from extreme stress or shock
problems integrating emotional memories
Types
dissociative amnesia
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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20. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
individuals experience extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress
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21. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
the same individual possesses two or more distinct personalities
each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and relationships
only one personality is dominant at a time
Etiology
extraordinarily severe abuse in early childhood
social contagion
mostly women
runs in families
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22. Schizophrenia highly disordered thought split from reality (psychotic)
typically diagnosed in early adulthood
high suicide risk
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23. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms
hallucinations and delusions
thought disorders
disorders of movement
Negative Symptoms
flat affect
Cognitive Symptoms
attention difficulties and memory problems
impaired ability to interpret information and make decisions
Suggestion: A brief video clip of schizophrenic behavior can be both interesting and illuminating at this point.
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24. Etiology of Schizophrenia
Biological Factors
genetic predisposition
structural brain abnormalities
regulation of neurotransmitters
Psychological Factors
vulnerability-stress hypothesis
Sociocultural Factors
influence how disorder progresses
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25. Personality Disorders
chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
guiltless law-breaking, violence, deceit
impulsive, irritable, reckless, irresponsible
Etiology
biological factors (genetic, brain, and ANS differences)
p. 521
Personality Disorders: Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality.
Paranoid personality: Paranoia, suspiciousness, and deep distrust of others. People with this disorder are always on the lookout for danger and the slightest social mistreatment. They may be socially isolated.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Self-aggrandizing yet overly dependent on the evaluations of others. People with this disorder view themselves as entitled and better than others. They show deficits in empathy and in understanding the feelings of others.
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26. Personality Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
instability in interpersonal relationships & self-image
impulsive, insecure, unstable & extreme emotions
Etiology
genetic
childhood abuse
irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that others are hostile
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27. Suicide Prevalence over 38,000 in year 2010
twice as many suicides as homicides in U.S.
3rd leading cause of death in early adolescence

28. When Someone is Threatening Suicide Do . . .
take it seriously.
calmly ask simple questions.
be a supportive listener.
emphasize that the unbearable can be survived.
stay with the person until help arrives.
encourage to get professional help.

29. When Someone is Threatening Suicide Do Not…
ignore the warning signs.
refuse to talk about it.
react with horror or disapproval.
lecture judgmentally: “You should be thankful…”
offer false assurance everything will be alright.
abandon the person once the crisis seems to have passed.

30. Health and Wellness Stereotypes and Stigma
Rosenhan’s study - fake psychiatric patients
negative attitudes toward mentally ill
physical health risk
successfully functioning individuals with mental illness reluctant to “come out”
Suggestion: Instructors might mention that the availability heuristic likely influences our perception of individuals with psychological disorders.
Discussion/Activity: Instructors might use this as an opportunity to have students discuss or reflect on society’s stereotypes of psychologically-disordered people.
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31. Chapter Review
Define the characteristics, explanations, and classifications of abnormal behavior.
Distinguish amongst the various anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.
Compare disorders involving mood and emotion.
Describe the dissociative disorders.
Characterize schizophrenia.
Identify the behavior patterns typical of personality disorders.
Describe suicide and its risks.
Explain how psychological disorders affect health, and describe how individuals with disorders can improve their quality of life. quality of life.
Note: Instructors may use the learning objectives presented on this slide to review the chapter material.
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