1. The Roots of the Civil Rights Movement

2. RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
13th, 14th, 15th AMENDMENTS
RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
13TH AMENDMENT
OUTLAWED SLAVERY
14TH AMENDMENT
MADE AFRICAN AMERICANS CITIZENS
GUARANTEED EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW
15TH AMENDMENT
GUARANTEED AFRICAN AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO VOTE
13, 14, 15 – FREE, CITIZENS,VOTE

3. But they did not because of a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court…
The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments were supposed to protect the rights of African Americans under the U.S. Constitution…
But they did not because of a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court…

4. PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896)
U.S. Supreme Court case that made segregation legal in the United States
Established the principle of “separate but equal”
Homer Plessy

5. PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896)
“Separate but equal” meant that minorities were not allowed in the same places as whites
Southern states passed laws that legalized segregation known as “Jim Crow” laws

6. Segregation became the way of life for blacks in the South until…
For the next 70 years, Jim Crow laws dominated society in the South for African Americans
Segregation became the way of life for blacks in the South until…

7. BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION (1954)
African American girl sued for the right to go to the school of her choice – and WON!
Ruling overturned the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson case and outlawed segregation in public schools

8. BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION
Supreme Court ruled segregation of public schools was unconstitutional
Ruling gave improved educational opportunities to African Americans

9. BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION
NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall (center) argued the case to end segregation
Marshall later became the first African American on the U.S. Supreme Court

10. The Movement Begins Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of the bus
Parks is arrested, leading to the…

11. Montgomery Bus Boycott
Outraged over Park’s arrest, African Americans organize a boycott of Montgomery’s Public Transportation System in 1956
African Americans carpooled, took taxis, or walked to avoid taking the bus
After a year, the city of Montgomery was ordered to end its segregation policy
African Americans carpooling during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1956

12. Montgomery Bus Boycott

13. A leader emerges
The person who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a Baptist minister from Atlanta.
His name was Martin Luther King, Jr.
The boycott of the busing system of Montgomery gained King national prominence
MLK leaving a bus after the boycott ends

14. Martin Luther King, Jr. Born in Atlanta, GA Southern Baptist Minister
Led Montgomery Bus Boycott
Leader of the Civil Rights
Movement
Often compared to Mohandas Gandhi
Advocated non-violent protests
Urged followers to disobey unjust laws
Was arrested 30 times

15. Martin Luther King: A powerful speaker
. . . there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression.
… I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong MLK
King following his first arrest

16. Types of Protests
Marches
Freedom Riders
Sit-ins

17. Civil Rights Marches
Marches were the most common form of protests used during the Civil Rights Movement
Protestors would march peacefully in attempt to draw national attention for their cause

18. Sit-ins Blacks were denied service at lunch counters
They sat at the counter until they were served or arrested
Students who participated in the sit-ins refused to become violent
Sit-ins raised the awareness of the discrimination that was occurring

19. Freedom Riders
Blacks and whites traveled into the South to draw attention to the South’s segregation of bus terminals
When Freedom Riders arrived at various cities in the South, white mobs attacked them

21. Coming up next: Movement gains national attention…
…and also becomes violent

22. Key events of the Civil Rights Movement

23. Leaders of Civil Rights Movement
Malcolm X
Medgar Evers
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Rosa Parks
Stokley Carmichael

24. “WE SHALL OVERCOME”
“We Shall Overcome” became the battle cry of the Civil Rights Movement
Protestors often sang the song during civil rights marches

25. Civil Rights Organizations
NAACP
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Council
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Civil Rights Organizations
Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee
Congress of Racial Equality
SNCC
CORE

26. The movement gains national attention
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
The movement gains national attention
Clockwise, from right, integration of Little Rock Central; bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church ; lynching of Emmitt Till; violence in Birmingham; murder of civil rights workers in Mississippi

27. Open casket at Emmitt Till funeral
Odyssey of Emmitt Till
Emmitt Till was a 14-year-old from Chicago
whose murder in 1955 made national news
Till was lynched and murdered after he said
“bye baby” to a white woman who was the
cashier at a store while visiting his
cousin in Money, Mississippi
Emmitt Till
Open casket at Emmitt Till funeral

28. The local NAACP picked out nine African Americans to attend the school
Ending school segregation
In 1957, a federal court ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High
The local NAACP picked out nine African Americans to attend the school
Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sent in the National Guard to “keep the peace”
On their first attempt to enter the school, the black students were denied entrance

29. Ending school segregation
The Little Rock Nine
U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called in federal troops to enforce the Supreme Court ruling
Only one of the “Little Rock Nine” graduated that year, but the incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South

30. James Meredith is denied admission into Ole Miss
Ending school segregation
James Meredith enters Ole Miss
James Meredith is denied admission into Ole Miss
President Kennedy sends 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith and make sure he was allowed to attended classes

31. Wallace fights segregation
Ending school segregation
Wallace fights segregation
Alabama governor George Wallace blocks the entrance to keep two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama
President Kennedy sends federal marshals to enforce the federal law
"The President wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have instituted these demonstrations."
George Wallace

32. Violence in Birmingham
At marches in Alabama, Birmingham police chief Bull Connor used fire hoses and attack dogs to prevent people from marching
The incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South

33. Violence in Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama, was regarded as the most segregated city in the South
Because of all the bombings in the city, Birmingham was nicknamed “Bombingham”
The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church killed four innocent girls

34. Mississippi Burning murders
In the summer of 1964, dubbed -Freedom Summer - three civil rights workers came up missing in, Mississippi
Weeks later, they were found dead after having been killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan
Michael Schwerner
James Chaney
Andrew Goodman

35. March on Washington
To support to President Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill, Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a massive march on Washington, D.C., as a show of support for the bill
On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators gathered peacefully at the nation’s capital

36. MLK: “I have a dream”
It was during the March on Washington in 1963 that Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his “I Have a Dream” speech
Dr. King presented his dream of freedom and equality for all Americans
The March on Washington and Martin Luther King’s speech helped to lead to the…

37. Civil Rights Act of 1964
Despite strong opposition from Southern senators, President Lyndon B. Johnson got Congress to pass the bill
Law gave Congress power to outlaw segregation in most public places; gave minorities equal access to facilities such as restaurants and theaters

38. SNCC and SCLC increased their voter registration drives in the South
24th Amendment
The 24th Amendment, ratified in 1964, helped to guarantee the right to vote for African Americans
It abolished poll taxes, which were fees that had to be paid in order to vote in national elections
SNCC and SCLC increased their voter registration drives in the South

39. Selma March/Bloody Sunday

40. Voting Rights Act of 1965
The violence in Selma infuriated President Johnson and led to the federal government to step in again
Johnson to propose a new voting rights law and, in early August, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law
"By the way, what's the big word?"
It authorized the Attorney General to send federal examiners to register qualified voters by bypassing local officials who tried to keep blacks from voting

41. Key events of the Civil Rights Movement

42. Movement takes a different direction

43. Malcolm X
Malcolm X was the Civil Rights Movement leader who advocated the use of violence to gain African American rights
He was assassinated in 1965 after abandoning the beliefs of Black Panthers

44. The Black Panthers
The Black Panthers were the group during the Civil Rights Movement that urged African Americans to fight for their rights
The Black Panthers were led by former SNCC leader Stokley Carmichael

45. King was in Memphis, Tenn., for a march for Sanitation Workers
Martin Luther King assassinated
Tragedy struck on April 4, 1968, when Martin Luther King was assassinated
King was in Memphis, Tenn., for a march for Sanitation Workers
The assassination of Martin Luther King marked the end of the civil rights movement

46. Coming up next: Other groups fight for their rights
Latinos, Native Americans, women