1. Rocks, Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Landforms, Human Impact

2. Unit 6 Lesson 2 The Rock Cycle
Let’s Rock!
What is rock?
Most rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals and organic matter.
Rocks are always changing through time.
Natural processes make and destroy rock. They change each type of rock into other types of rock and shape Earth’s features.
Fill in on guided notes
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3. Classified Information
Unit 6 Lesson 2 The Rock Cycle
Classified Information
What are the classes of rocks?
Igneous rock forms when magma cools and hardens. It forms on or beneath Earth’s surface.
Metamorphic rock forms when pressure, temperature, or chemical processes change existing rock without melting it.
Sedimentary rock forms when sediment from older rocks gets pressed and cemented together.
Fill in table on guided notes
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4. Unit 6 Lesson 2 The Rock Cycle
What is the rock cycle?
Any of the rock types can be changed into another of the three types.
The series of processes in which rock changes from one type to another is called the rock cycle.
A rock’s identity can be changed by factors such as temperature, pressure, weathering, and erosion.
Talk through – no note-taking
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5. What processes change rock?
Unit 6 Lesson 2 The Rock Cycle
What processes change rock?
Heat and pressure can change rock.
Rock that is buried can be squeezed by the weight of rock or layers of sediment on top.
With enough temperature and pressure, buried rock can change into metamorphic rock.
Talk through – no note-taking
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6. What processes change rock?
Unit 6 Lesson 2 The Rock Cycle
What processes change rock?
In some cases, the rock gets hot enough to melt and form magma, or molten rock.
If the magma reaches Earth’s surface, it is called lava.
Students define magma and lava in guided notes
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7. Students review the rock cycle and fill in the chart about the processes

8. The Effects of Weathering
All exposed rock is in the path of weathering and erosion.
Weathering is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at the Earth’s surface.
Heat, cold, water, ice, carbon dioxide, oxygen etc.. all contribute to weathering.
Define weathering on guided notes and examples of things that contribute to weathering

9. Weathering and Erosion
Weathering examples:
Repeated freezing and thawing.
Rainwater dissolving minerals.
Erosion is the movement of rock particles by wind water, ice, or gravity.
Weathering and erosion work together to carry away the rocks at the surface.
There are two types of weathering:
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Define erosion on guided notes

10. Mechanical (Physical) Weathering
Mechanical (Physical)Weathering: rock is physically broken into smaller pieces that have the same chemical composition as the rock they came from.
Examples:
freezing and thawing,
release of pressure,
growth of plants,
actions of animals, and
abrasion (grinding away of rock by
particles in the wind and water).
Complete Venn diagram and include examples – allow students time to complete the diagram in pairs before providing them with a completed version – students need an opportunity to process

11. Chemical Weathering
Chemical Weathering: the process that breaks down rock through chemical changes and produces rock particles that have a different mineral makeup from the rock they came from.
Examples:
Hot or soft spots in rock
Water
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Living organisms
Acid Rain
Complete Venn diagram and include examples – allow students time to complete the diagram in pairs before providing them with a completed version – students need an opportunity to process

12. LANDFORMS
Students highlight/circle/underline key points in Student Study Guide as you move through PPT. The student study guide has pictures, but they won’t be clear when printed – have the same pictures available to show for each slide on the Smartboard

13. What is a dune? A dune is a mound of wind-deposited sand.
Unit 8 Lesson 4 Landforms and Florida
What is a dune?
A dune is a mound of wind-deposited sand.
Dunes are found in desert and coastal regions.
The shape of a beach, the sand supply, the wind direction, and the type of sand can determine the types of dunes formed along coastlines.
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14. Unit 8 Lesson 4 Landforms and Florida
What is a dune?
Dunes offer protection for many species of plants and animals.
Human activities and natural processes can cause dunes to disappear.
Conservation efforts are often used to protect dunes from disappearing.
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15. What is a coastline? Coastlines are constantly changing, or dynamic.
Unit 8 Lesson 4 Landforms and Florida
What is a coastline?
Coastlines are constantly changing, or dynamic.
A coastline is a dynamic boundary between land and the ocean.
Waves, wind, sediment supply, tides, and the geology of the region can affect the characteristics of coastlines.
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16. Sinkholes
Sinkholes: the water slowly dissolves the limestone rock below the surface until it eventually becomes unstable and collapses creating a sinkhole.
The left is an aerial view of the Tres Pueblos sinkhole in Puerto Rico. Solution of the underlying rock caused bedrock, soil, and vegetation to collapse into the sinkhole feature. The images above are from urban areas in Florida where sinkholes damaged several homes and businesses. 16
Photo: USGS
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17. Caverns
Caverns and caves are large empty spaces where the rocks has been dissolved by carbonation.
Some caves are formed by lava tubes and others are formed by the erosion.
Which type would we have in Florida?
Caverns and their various features form below the ground water table where dissolved minerals drip through the ceiling of the cave through fractures and joints in the limestone. Over time this mineral-rich ground water dissolves the rocks until eventually entire caverns are formed.
Calcium carbonate precipitates out of the saturated carbonate solution and accumulates as deposits. Stalactites are deposits that grow from the ceiling downward and stalagmites are deposits that grow from the ground up. If the stalactite and stalagmites join they form a continuous column.
Mammoth Cave in Kentucky and Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico are two of the largest cave systems in North America and the world.
Not all caves are formed by karst processes.
This image of the “Chinese Theatre” in Carlsbad Caverns National Park illustrates how stalactites and stalagmites can join to form columns. Notice the person in the lower left for scale! 17
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18. Unit 8 Lesson 4 Landforms and Florida
What is a lake?
A lake is a body of fresh or salt water that is surrounded by land.
Lakes can be a part of a larger water system called a watershed.
Sinkhole lakes can form when underground caverns collapse and later fill in with water.
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19. What is a river? Rivers transport sediment.
Unit 8 Lesson 4 Landforms and Florida
What is a river?
Rivers transport sediment.
A river is a large natural stream of water that flows into an ocean or other large body of water, such as a lake.
Rivers change course over time as they break down river banks and deposit sediment.
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20. Unit 8 Lesson 4 Landforms and Florida
What is a delta?
A delta is a deposit, formed by sediment, that accumulates at the mouth of a river.
Deltas form as rivers slow down when they reach other bodies of water. Sediments that were carried in the water are deposited.
Most Florida rivers do not form large or significant deltas. The Apalachicola River in the Florida panhandle is an exception.
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21. Aquifers: water stored underground in cavern and rock systems.
the

22. Unit 8 Lesson 4 Landforms and Florida
What is a mountain?
A mountain is a region of increased elevation on Earth’s surface that rises to a peak.
Mountains form through the collision of tectonic plates and from volcanic eruptions.
Mountains are important sources of sediment, which is pieces of rock that have been broken down from existing rock over time.
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23. Unit 8 Lesson 4 Landforms and Florida
What is a glacier?
A glacier is a mass of gradually moving or flowing ice.
An ice sheet is a very large glacier that covers a large area.
About 18,000 years ago, a large ice sheet in North America caused changes in sea level and created sediments.
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24. Land of Plenty Why is land important?
Unit 9 Lesson 2 Human Impact on Land
Land of Plenty
Why is land important?
It is hard to imagine human life without land.
Land and its resources affect every aspect of human life.
Talk through
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25. What are the different types of land use?
Humans use land in many ways, including
Recreation
Transportation
Agriculture
Residence
Commerce (trading)
Industry
Natural areas are places that humans have left alone or restored to a natural state.
Natural areas include forests, grasslands, and desert areas.
Much of the open land in rural areas is used for agriculture. Agricultural land is used to raise and feed cattle and other livestock.
Add the ways humans use land to note sheet
Talk through the bottom three bullets
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26. What are the different types of land use?
Unit 9 Lesson 2 Human Impact on Land
What are the different types of land use?
Urbanization is the growth of urban areas caused by people moving into the cities.
As cities and towns expand, commercial businesses are built, too, replacing rural or natural areas.
Industrial businesses also use land resources.
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27. How can human activities affect land and soil?
Unit 9 Lesson 2 Human Impact on Land
How can human activities affect land and soil?
Urban sprawl occurs when houses, roads, schools, and shopping areas replace forests, fields, and grasslands.
Urban sprawl decreases the amount of farmland available for growing crops.
It also decreases the amount of natural areas that surround cities.
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28. How can human activities affect land and soil?
Unit 9 Lesson 2 Human Impact on Land
How can human activities affect land and soil?
Human activities have positive and negative effects on land and soil.
Some activities can degrade land.
Land degradation is the process by which human activity and natural processes damage land to the point that it can no longer support the local ecosystem.
Causes the Ecosystem to collapse – essentially the only life that is supported is humans and organisms that “get along with” humans
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29. How can human activities affect land and soil?
Unit 9 Lesson 2 Human Impact on Land
How can human activities affect land and soil?
Erosion is the process by which wind, water, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one place to another.
Erosion can decrease land stability and remove important nutrients from the soil
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30. How can human activities affect land and soil?
Unit 9 Lesson 2 Human Impact on Land
How can human activities affect land and soil?
Soil nutrients can get used up if the same crops are planted year after year.
Farmers can plant a different crop each year to reduce nutrient loss.
Pollution from industrial activities can damage land.
Mining wastes, oil and petroleum spills, and chemical wastes can kill organisms in the soil.
Talk through
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31. How can human activities affect land and soil?
Unit 9 Lesson 2 Human Impact on Land
How can human activities affect land and soil?
Desertification is the process by which land becomes more desert-like and unable to support life.
Keeping too many livestock in one area can lead to desertification which destroys the environment for other life forms.
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32. How can human activities affect land and soil?
Unit 9 Lesson 2 Human Impact on Land
How can human activities affect land and soil?
The removal of trees and other vegetation from an area is called deforestation.
Logging for wood, surface mining, and urbanization can cause deforestation.
Deforestation leads to increased soil erosion and loss of habitat.
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