1. The POLICE Gatekeepers to the CJ system HIGH VISIBILITY
HIGH DISCRETION
Tension between wanting “effective” police and respecting individual freedom

2. Precursors to Modern Police
England (prior to Norman Conquest)
Pledge system
Hundreds “constable”
Shires  “shire reeve”
Changes in the 13th Century
Night Watchmen
Justice of Peace

3. Early American Law Enforcement
Followed the English Model
County Sheriff most prominent
Many duties
Paid by a “fee system”
In larger cities
Night Watchmen
Town Marshal

4. The Birth of Modern Policing
England, 1829
Sir Robert PeelLondon Police force of 1,000 officers
Distinctive uniforms, military structure
Led by a “commissioner”

5. Early American Police Departments
Development of police agencies prompted by mob violence.
Gentry feared restlessness of the underclass.
Fear of urban street crime produced demands for greater police protection.
First Police Department opened in Boston in 1838

6. Early American Police Departments
Police were incompetent, disliked and corrupt.
Primary functions were to:
serve as enforcement powers for reigning political powers
protect private property
control the rising number of foreign immigrants

7. 20th Century American Policing
Major movements in policing:
Public concern about police corruption led to reform efforts
August Vollmer
Technological advancements
telegraph boxes, motorcycles and police cars

8. Current Law Enforcement—The “FEDS”
The FBI
The Mann Actinvestigators to enforce
Eventually, organized as FBI under Hoover
Responsible for investigating all violations of federal laws that are not covered by other agencies
Bank Robberies
Civil Rights Violations

9. Other Federal Law Enforcement
The Drug Enforcement Administration
Result of Harrison Act
U.S. Marshals
INS
ATF
Secret Service

10. Between Federal and Municipal
County Law Enforcement
Sheriffs Office
Responsible for policing non-city areas
State Police
Every state but Hawaii
Power/function depends upon strength of Sheriff

11. Metropolitan (city) police
Large variation in size
New York City = 36,000 officers
Average city = 50 or fewer officers
Police Departments are typically their own political entity
BUT, chief is appointed by mayor

12. Functions of the Police
PATROL
Since beginning, police have “patrolled a beat”
Purpose is to DETER crime
KC Preventative Patrol
Directed Patrols or Saturation Patrols
Investigation
Proactive vs. Reactive
Effectiveness?

13. Functions of the Police
Patrol
Investigation
Administration/Paper work
“Social Work” activities

14. Investigation Another example of the “wedding cake?”
Most Critical = information at crime scene
Bulk of time is spent on reports
Clearance Rate

15. The “Other” police functions
Traffic Control
“Social Work Activities”
Order maintenance, problem solving
James Q Wilson “Handling the Situation”
THE IRONY is that within police departments, the social work function is often considered “bullshit work”

16. The Role of Police What Should Police be Doing?
Traditional Legalistic Model
Patrol and respond to calls
Viewed as “real police work”
The latest reform = “community oriented policing”

17. The Theory of Community Oriented Policing
Wilson and Kelling
The “Broken Windows Thesis”
Implication of “broken windows for policing?”
The goal of policing should be to help maintain communities and solve community problems
Take care of “little stuff” (order maintenance)
Improve community communication/input

18. Implementing COP Programs The Practice of COP
Team Policing
Foot Patrols
Community “Sub-stations”
COP Officers Assigned to Neighborhoods
“Order Maintenance” Programs

19. Problem Oriented Policing
Herman Goldstein coined this term.
Similar to C.O.P.Police should “solve problems” in a particular neighborhood.
Example: NYC Domestic Violence Program
Crime Specific “Crackdowns”
Targeting Crime “Hot spots”

20. Effectiveness of C.O.P. or Problem Orientated Policing
Effectiveness Sketchy at Best
Some C.O.P. programs have improved community relations and reduced fear of crime.
Some Problem Oriented Policing programs have suppressed/reduced crime in certain locations.
Order Maintenance crackdowns have strained community-police relations in some areas.

21. Police and the Rule of Law
Procedural Laws in Policing
Miranda rights
Search and Seizure
Police Use of Force

22. Search and Seizure
In order to search people, cars, or homes, police generally need a warrant
Exceptions
Incident to Arrest
“Stop and Frisk”
Automobile Search
Consent Search
“Plain View”

23. Police Use of Force Coercive Force is a Part of Policing
How much force is necessary in a situation?
Most “use of force” is non-lethal
The use of Deadly Force
Tennessee v. Garner (1985) “Fleeing Felon”

24. The “Police personality”?
The Stereotype = cynnical, racist, conservative, hostile
Empirical Evidence not Clear
Explaining the “police personality”
Individual traits (selection effect)
Police Subculture

25. Police Discretion What factors influence decision to arrest?
Community Level Factors
Departmental Factors
Situational Factors
Legal Factors
“Extra-Legal” Factors (Race, Class, Demeanor)
Van Mannen “The Asshole”