1. Subordinate Clauses (Pages 246 - 247)
In Latin as in English a clause is a group of words having a subject
and a verb. A clause that expresses a complete thought is called
an independent, or principal, clause; a clause that by itself does not
have a complete meaning is called a dependent, or subordinate, clause.
Two types of subordinate clauses:
I. Adjective Clauses (modify nouns or pronouns)
a. Relative Pronoun Clause
II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate conjunctions)
a. Causal Clause
b. Temporal Clause
c. Conditional Clause
d. Concessive Clause

2. I. Adjective Clauses (modify nouns or pronouns)
a. Relative Pronoun Clause
Introduced by the relative pronoun qui quae quod who, which
Romani qui cum Poenis pugnaverunt audacissimi erant.
The Romans, who fought with the Carthaginians, were very daring.

3. II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate
conjunctions)
a. Causal Clause
Introduced by quod because
Illo tempore dictator delectus est quod cives periculum timebant.
At that time a dictator was elected because the citizens feared the danger.

4. Review of the three uses of quod
1. quod = subordinate conjunction (quod) because
Illo tempore dictator delectus est quod cives periculum timebant.
At that time a dictator was elected because the citizens feared the danger.
2. quod = relative pronoun (qui quae quod) which, that
Castra flumine quod per urbem fluebat munita sunt.
The camp was fortified by a river which was flowing through the city.
3. quod = interrogative adjective (qui quae quod) which, what
Quod oppidum ab hostibus munitum est?
Which town was fortified by the enemy?

5. II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate
conjunctions)
b. Temporal Clause
Introduced by dum while, ubi when, postquam after.
1. Dum haec geruntur, Romani magnopere perterriti sunt.
While these things were going on, the Romans were greatly terrified.
2. Poeni, ubi proelium cum Romanis commiserunt, facillimam victoriam exspectabant.
The Carthaginians, when they began battle with the Romans, expected a very easy
victory.
3. Poeni, postquam proelium cum Romanis commiserunt, non iam facilem victoriam
exspectabant.
The Carthaginians, after they began battle with the Romans, no longer expected an
easy victory.

6. II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate
conjunctions)
c. Conditional Clause
Introduced by si if, nisi if not, unless.
Si Sicilia vincetur, quid ages?
If Sicily will be conquered (is conquered), what will you do?

7. II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate
conjunctions)
d. Concessive Clause
Introduced by etsi although, even if.
Romani, etsi multa proelia amiserunt, Poenos vicerunt.
The Romans, although they lost many battles, conquered the Carthaginians.