1. Everything is Connected
Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology

2. Work in groups and try to arrange the following actual events that occurred in Borneo in chronological order:
Rats brought plague
Lizards ate roaches (with DDT)
Cats died
Caterpillar numbers went up
WHO (World Health Organization) sent DDT to Borneo
Mosquitoes were wiped out
Caterpillars ate grass roofs
Cats were parachuted in
Cats caught lizards containing DDT
Roaches stored DDT in their bodies
Grass roofs collapse
Lizards disappeared
Lizards slowed down
Rats increased

3. Lessons from Borneo
DDT was used to kill mosquitoes that carried malaria
There were some unintended consequences

4. Malaria in Borneo
In the early 1950s, there was an outbreak of malaria among the Dayak people in Borneo.

5. World Health Organization
Sprayed DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) to eradicate mosquitoes that carried malaria
Mosquitoes died. Malaria declined. Everyone was happy…

6. Unintended Effects
Until their thatched roofs started collapsing on their heads!
DDT killed parasitic wasps that ate thatch-eating caterpillars

7. Other Unintended Effects
Cockroaches survived and stored DDT in their bodies
Gecko lizards ate toxic cockroaches and their movement slowed down
Cats were able to catch and eat toxic lizards
Cats died
Rat population exploded
Outbreaks of typhus and plague carried by rats

8. World Health Organization
Initiated Operation Cat Drop
Parachuted 14,000 cats into Borneo
Rat population declined
Everyone was happy

9. Correct order of events
WHO (World Health Organization) sent DDT to Borneo
Mosquitoes were wiped out
Caterpillar numbers went up
Caterpillars ate grass roofs
Grass roofs collapse
Roaches stored DDT in their bodies
Lizards ate roaches (with DDT)
Lizards slowed down
Cats caught lizards containing DDT
Lizards disappeared
Cats died
Rats increased
Rats brought plague
Cats were parachuted in

10. I. What is an ecosystem?
All organisms living in a particular area, along with their physical environment
A. Biotic Factors
living organisms in an environment
B. Abiotic Factors nonliving parts of an environment

11. II. Organization of Living Things
A. Building blocks of one organism
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

12. B. Building blocks of groups of organisms
Species - group of organisms that share common genes, resemble each other, and are able to reproduce
Population - organisms of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time
Biological Community – groups of populations that inhabit a common environment
Ecosystem – groups of communities and their abiotic factors
Biome – group of ecosystems
Biosphere – portion of Earth that supports life

13. III. Organisms in Ecosystems
A. Habitat
Place an organism lives
(like its address)
Examples:
Burrow
Water
Nest
Tree
Thicket
Rock crevices or openings
Cave
Den
Hollow log or hollow stump
Shallow indentation in the ground

14. B. Niche
How a species meets its needs for food, shelter, survival and reproduction (like its job)
* Includes biotic and abiotic interactions

15. IV. Survival Relationships
A. Symbiosis – association between organisms of different species
B. 3 kinds:
Mutualism – when both species benefit
Commensalism – when one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited
Parasitism – when one species benefits at the expense of another species

16. V. How Organisms Obtain Energy
A. Autotroph
Uses light energy to make its own food (producer)
B. Heterotroph
Feeds on other organisms, cannot make its own food (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, scavenger, decomposer)