1. DO Now: Why do the foods you eat differ from other people?
Lesson 2 Hunger
DO Now: Why do the foods you eat differ from other people?

2. Eating behaviors External: more motivated to eat when see food
Internal: less motivated by sight but more by internal hunger cues
Environmental and social cues
Q. Generate a list of external cues that could impact your eating behaviors (food choices and frequency)
Q. How do normal diets differ between the US and Japan?
US red meat and Japan fish
Q. Inference about the influence of culture on food preferences?
Environmental cues such as advertisements can play a role in food choices. How could we study the role of ads?
Survey, ads in area and sales, snacks eat vs. products know
Snacking cues: ads that we recognize we choose to snack on more
Q. How could family cue (social) play a role?
A. Clean your plate, shape adult eating behavior
Q. How does John Garcia link to food preferences?
A. Taste aversion, even if food did not make you ill

3. US Snacking Data from

4. Adaptive Taste Preferences
Neophobia
Example: cultures that use many spices on foods
Spices create an environment that reduces bacterial growth on food
Theory of taste preferences is based on calculation of cost and reward….thoughts?
Q. What are your reactions to the video clip?
Q. Would you eat that? Why or why not?
Q. This is called neophobia. How would you define neophobia?
Afraid to eat new foods
This is usually found in young children who refuse to try new foods.
Q. Why do you think they refuse new foods, even those not exotic?
don’t like change
Q. How might evolutionary psychologist explain the benefit of neophobia?
Protect against eating harmful foods
Q. How might a behaviorist explain neophobia?
A. Modeled behavior by parent that child imitates, that is why I must smile and say yum when I eat green beans
Children as they age may grow out of this behavior or there are behavior modification techniques if the pickiness of food becomes a health issue.
Theory of taste preference: westerners don’t eat bugs because too much time and energy to collect; eat more pork because pigs meat while cows give milk, horses plow fields, etc.)

5. Eating Disorders Bulimia Anorexia Nervosa Obesity
Bulimia patients tend to have poor dental hygiene with sour breath and corrosion of the teeth.
Q. How might we explain this observation?
Vomiting
Bulimia eat large amounts of food in short time then throw it up (binge eating), excessive exercise and use of laxatives
Anorexia patients tend to be at least 15% below normal body weight.
Q. Biologically why would being underweight be dangerous?
Lack of nutrition
Most are obsessed with weight and starve themselves to the point of death. View being skinny as beautiful, ashamed, depressed and disatified with body. Most patients are women but men also affected.
Q. If you compared bulimia and anorexia patients which do you think would have the most weight fluctuations? Why?
Bulimia
Obesity: morbid over 100+ lbs, excess weight threatens health. May have genetic component but too small % to explain the number of obese. Higher risk of heart disease and diabetes.
Q. How can we explain obesity with the set point idea?
Higher point so eat more
Q. How does the set point suggest genetics?
May be set by genetics

6. Investigations into Obesity
How could we test if genetics has a role in bodyweight maintenance?
Twin studies
Obesity a complex condition
Basal metabolic rate
Weight management
Complexity: many different genes may play a role: those that control metabolism, hunger
Q. Which perspective of psychology is used to design weight management programs?
Behavioral

7. Do Now: How do you know when you are hungry?
Lesson 2 Hunger
Do Now: How do you know when you are hungry?

8. AIM
How is hunger controlled?

9. Importance of hunger Maintenance of homeostasis
Q. Why is hunger an important sensation?
Tells us when we need to eat
Q. How does eating improve our chances of living?
Source of food, maintain homeostasis
Response to maintain adequate nutrition and normal body weight

10. What triggers hunger? Hypotheses? Contraction of an empty stomach
Exp: remove stomach
Result: Hunger
Inference: Hunger controlled by something else in addition to the stomach
Q. How could we test this hypothesis?
Q. How should the removal of a person’s stomach affect hunger? No contraction of stomach because not present
No hunger

11. Brain and Hunger Exp: Plate of food in front of a subject
Observation: Depending on the location of the stimulation people ate while others did not
Dual control of the hypothalamus
Lateral (hunger center)
Ventromedial (satiety center)
Set point theory
Q. We have discussed before the structures of the brain. Which part of the brain is related to hunger?
Hypothalamus
Q. How can we test if the hypothalamus also influences hunger?
Q. Explain the observation
Q. Inference about hunger control in the hypothalamus
Q. Thinking about dual control what how might the hypothalamus know when to activate the different centers?
Depends on the body’s need
Led to the development of the set point theory: wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight, when drop below weight hypo tells us to eat and lowers metabolic rate
Q. Why do you think the metabolic rate reduces?
Conserve energy
Q. How might the set point theory explain obesity?
Higher point for people
Q. If the lateral hypothalamus is lost how would that affect the subject?
Starve to death
Q. Loss of ventromedial?
Eat till pop

13. Hypothalamus set point
Glucostatic hypothesis: monitor glucose levels, when drop stimulates hunger
Lipostatic hypothesis: fat levels regulate feelings of hunger (Leptin levels)
Leptin is a hormone; high level less food consumed
Q. There are two different hypotheses about the set point: glucose monitoring and lipid monitoring. Why do you think the hypotheses involve glucose and lipids?
Sources of energy
Q. If we compare changes in levels of glucose and fat on a daily basis which changes most?
Glucose
Lipid levels take a comparatively longer time to fluctuate.
Q. Knowing this why do you think the two hypotheses exist and not just glucostatic?
A. Glucostatic day to day while lipostatic is long term