1. Chapter 15: The Maritime Revolution, to 1550

3. The Pacific Ocean
Over about 1500 years, peoples originally from Malaysia crossed ocean & settled in Polynesia to establish colonies
Observed stars, ocean currents & evidence of land
Over a period of several thousand years, peoples originally from the Malay Peninsula crossed the water to settle the island of the East Indies, New Guinea
The Melanesian and Polynesian islands, the Marquesas, New Zealand, and other Pacific island out to Hawaii.
Sometime before the common era, a wave of expansion from the area of Fijii brought the first humans to the island of the central Pacific (Polynesia)
Polynesian expansion was the result of planned voyages undertaken with the intention of establishing colonies. Polynesian mariners navigated by the stars and by observing ocean currents and evidence of land.

4. The Indian Ocean
Malayo-Indonesians colonized Madagascar through 15th century
Arabs used monsoon winds to establish trade routes in Indian Ocean.
Ming dynasty sponsored voyages to Indian Ocean between
fleets of over 60 large “treasure ships” & hundred of smaller support vessels

5. The Indian Ocean 1415, E. Africa’s cities sent delegations to China
Zheng He, led voyages to Africa
traded luxuries (silk and precious metals)
stimulated diplomatic relations with various African and Asian states
not profitable
inspired opposition in court
ended in 1433

6. The Atlantic Ocean
During warmer early Middle Ages, Vikings navigated by stars & seas
Explored, settled Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland (Vinland)
colder climate returned after 1200, northern settlements in Greenland, Newfoundland abandoned

7. The Atlantic attempted exploration 13th & 14th centuries
Voyagers from Genoa in 1291 & from Mali in 1300’s set out into Atlantic-did not return
Genoese & Portuguese explorers discovered, settled Madeiras, Azores, Canaries in 14th century

8. Early Amerindian Voyages

9. European Expansion, 1400-1550 Motivation?
**Adventure **desire for trade **curiosity **Struggle w/ Islam for control of Mediterranean
**Alliances between rulers & merchants **Christian Militancy
Italian city-states monopolized access to Asian goods
ships not designed for violent Atlantic
Iberian kingdoms had no significant share in Mediterranean trade
had advanced shipbuilding & cannon technology.
open to new geographical knowledge
exceptional leaders

10. European Exploration 1420-1542

11. The Portuguese Prince Henry, captured N. African caravan city of Ceuta
Gold & slaves
Sponsored navigation institute at Sagres
improved navigational instruments
compass & astrolabe
caravel
small size
shallow draft
square & lateen sails
cannon

12. Portuguese Exploration
explored African coast, reached Cape Verde in 1444-learned to return to Portugal faster-sailed NW into Atlantic –picked up prevailing westerlies
At first, financed by income from properties held by Prince Henry’s Order of Christ
In 1440’s, voyages began to produce financial return, first slaves, then gold
In 1469, private commercial enterprises got involved
Lisbon merchant Fernao Gomes sent expeditions-discovered/developed island of Sao Tome-explored gold coast
Bartolomeu Dias & Vasco da Gama rounded tip of Africa- established contact w/ India, foundation for Portugal’s maritime trading empire
Gold Coast became headquarters of Portugal’s West African trade

13. Spanish Voyages Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Portuguese already established route to Indian Ocean
Spain funded Columbus w/ letters of intro to Asian rulers
After three voyages, Columbus still thought he had found Asia,
Spanish & Portuguese signed Treaty of Tordesillas
Magellan’s voyage across Pacific confirmed Portugal’s claim to Malacca’s-established Spanish claim to Philippines

14. African Encounters Portuguese, 1450-1550
During 15th century, many Africans welcomed Portuguese
Made profit-African elites held upper hand
In return for gold, received Asian, African, European goods
firearms
Interaction between Portuguese & African rulers varied from place to place
The oba (king) of Benin sent an ambassador to Portugal
established royal monopoly on trade
Benin exported many goods-some slaves
rulers showed mild interest in Christianity
After 1538, Benin limited contact w/ Portuguese,
Declined to receive missionaries
closed market in male slaves

15. Portuguese & King Alfonso I
“‘he…(King Alfonso I 1506])…is very just… he greatly punishes those who adore idols.. he burns them with their idols…throughout his kingdom he has sent many men, natives of the country, Christians, to teach our saintly faith to the people …there are schools for girls… one of his sisters teaches, a woman sixty years old, who knows how to read very well”
(Rui de Aguiar, Portuguese missionary to King Manuel of Portugal May 25, 1516
In parts of Kongo, Christianity accepted not as a new religion that would replace the old, but rather as a new syncretic cult that was fully compatible with existing systems of meaning
Kongo relied more on slave trade
Christian King Afonso I lost slave trade monopoly, weakened, some subjects revolted
Cavazzi, a capuchin missionary to the Kongo 1664–1667, depicts King of the Kongo receiving Capuchin monks

16. African Encounters with Portuguese
Swahili Coast: The rich and merchants converted to Islam; others kept indigenous Swahili beliefs
Not impressed with Portuguese-had been trading with others for long time.
In East Africa, some Muslim states suspicious of Portuguese, others welcomed them as allies in struggles against their neighbors
On Swahili Coast, the ruler, Malindi, befriended Portuguese-was spared when other Swahili city-states were attacked in 1505
Christian Ethiopia sought & gained Portuguese support in its war against the Muslim forces of Adal
Muslims defeated-Ethiopia unwilling to make long-term alliance-refused to transfer religious loyalty from patriarch of Alexandria to Roman Pope

17. Portuguese & Indian Ocean States
After Vasco da Gama arrived in Calicut in 1498 Portuguese determined to control IOT
superior ships & firepower made it possible
bombarded the Swahili city-states in 1505
captured Indian port of Goa in 1510
took Hormuz in 1515
captured Malacca in 1511
set up a trading post at Macao in southern China in 1557
required all spices be carried on Portuguese ships, all other ships purchase Portuguese passports and pay customs duties to them

18. Varied Indian Ocean State Reactions
Mughal emperors took no action
Ottomans resisted-maintained superiority in Red Sea & Persian Gulf
Some smaller states cooperated with Portuguese; others tried evasion/resistance
Portuguese never gained complete control of Indian Ocean trade
But did profit & broke Italian city-states’ monopoly on pepper
A Turkish sketch from the 16th century shows the Ottoman fleet, which protected Aden and Jiddah from the Portuguese. By the 1560’s, more spices reached Jiddah than Lisbon.

19. Spanish in The Americas
Portuguese built maritime trading empire in Africa & Asia, but Spanish built territorial empire in Americas
Reasons for difference?
Amerindian communities were isolated-lacked resistance to Old World diseases-relatively easy to conquer
Arawak were agricultural-mined & worked gold-did not trade over long distances-had no iron
Killed tens of thousands of Arakaws , economy undermined; by 1502, forced to serve as laborers
continued policy of defeat of non-Christians- then put them under Christian control
actions of conquistadors in other parts of Caribbean followed same pattern

20. Spanish & The Americas spread of smallpox native allies
Cortes defeated Aztecs by:
spread of smallpox
native allies
cavalry charges, steel swords & canon
captured Emperor Montezuma after promise of friendship
Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of Inca made possible by:
prior spread of smallpox
dissatisfaction of recently conquered peoples
Spanish cannon & steel swords

21. Patterns of Dominance
Within 50 years of Columbus’ first landing in 1492, Spanish located & occupied all major population centers of Americas
Three factors contributed to Spain’s ability to establish vast land empire in Americas:
Amerindians lack of resistance to diseases brought from the Eastern Hemisphere
Spanish superior military technology (swords, armor, horses, and some firearms), combined with aggressive fighting techniques and local allies
Spain’s ability to apply the pattern of conquest, forced labor, and forced conversion-a pattern developed during the re-conquest of the Iberian Peninsula-to the Americas.

22. Patterns of Dominance
In Eastern Hemisphere, African & Asians shared same diseases as Europeans & had the numbers to resist European forces when necessary
Portuguese & Spanish able to gain profit by engaging in already existing trade networks-they could gain wealth without conquering territory
The age of exploration & conquest began modern era