Knowing When and How to Cite Sources

Knowing When and How to Cite Sources
Pickler Memorial Library - Truman

Academic Integrity “Academic integrity can be defined as a commitment, even in the face of adversity, to five fundamental values: honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility.” Center for Academic Integrity, 1999

Purpose of Citing Sources
The purpose of citing your sources is to: Direct your readers to the specific information you have used. Give the proper intellectual credit to the author of the information provided.

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls
“Plagiarism is the false assumption of authorship: the wrongful act of taking the product of another person’s mind, and presenting it as one’s own” (Gibaldi 2).

Plagiarism usually involves two kinds of offenses: 1. “Using another person’s ideas, information, or expressions without acknowledging that person’s work” is considered “intellectual theft.” 2. “Passing off another person’s ideas, information, or expressions as your own to get a better grade constitutes fraud” (Gibaldi 66)

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls - Types
Riedling (86) provides these more detailed definitions of plagiarism: “Exact: Copying a source word-for-word with no credit given to the creator” “Borrowing: Turning in a paper that someone else has written”

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls - Types
“Unclear: Lack of indicating where the borrowing begins and ends” “Mixture: Copying of a source using a few words here and there and not providing credit to the creator”

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – Why People Do it?
Riedling (86) provides these common reasons: “A lack of knowledge regarding plagiarism” “A lack of confidence in one’s ability to write a paper” “PROCRASTINATION”

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – The Consequences
The charge of plagiarism is a serious one for all writers (Gibaldi 67). For students, there can be multiple consequences: Failing the assignment in question Failing the course

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – The Consequences
Damage of teacher’s relationships with student Damage of the “personal element in writing” There is a “tie between our writing and our sense of self.” “Gaining skill as a writer opens the door to learning more about yourself and to developing a personal voice and approach in your writing.” (Gibaldi 68).

Is it Plagiarism? Example #1 The original: “Some of Dickinson’s most powerful poems express her firmly held conviction that life cannot be fully comprehended without an understanding of death.” (Martin, 625). Student’s writing: “Emily Dickinson has written that we cannot fully comprehend life unless we also understand death.” Yes, it is plagiarism.

How to correct it? Add the person’s name who really said it. “As Wendy Martin has suggested, Emily Dickinson firmly believed that we cannot fully comprehend life unless we also understand death” (625). What did we do? We referenced the source in our text by indicating the author and page number (the full reference would then be included in your bibliography).

Example #2 The original: “Everyone uses the word language and everybody talks about culture. . .Languaculture is a reminder,I hope, of the necessary connection between its two parts.” (Agar, 60)

Student’s writing: “At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that we might call languaculture.” How to correct: “At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that Michel Agar has called “languaculture” (60).

Plagiarism and its Pitfalls
When Documentation is Not Needed Gibaldi points out a few cases (73): Familiar proverbs or well-known quotations : “You can’t judge a book by its cover,” “Early bird gets the worm,” “We shall overcome.” Common knowledge: Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States of America

Source: Mark Twain said: “The eight years in America from 1860 to 1868 uprooted institutions that were centuries old, changed the politics of a people, transformed the social life of half the country, and wrought so profoundly upon the entire national character that the influence cannot be measured short of two or three generations.” Your Paper: It has been said that the decade of the 1860s changed national politics and influenced at least two generations of Americans by uprooting established institutions, transforming the social life of half the country, and profoundly altering the entire national character. Is this plagiarism? Yes No

Which of the following would be considered plagiarism (assuming no footnotes or documentation) ?
A reference to “government of the people, by the people, for the people” in the introduction to a paper on American government A summary of the judicial philosophy of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, as described by a noted Harvard law professor A reference to Sandra Day O’Connor having become the first female Supreme Court Justice. Your personal opinions stated at the conclusion of a research paper.

Does this statement in a mathematics paper require a citation
Does this statement in a mathematics paper require a citation? To solve this problem, one should use the formula A2 + B2 = C2 which is commonly referred to as Pythagorean theorem. Yes No

Commonly Used Citation Styles
APA – American Psychological Association MLA – Modern Language Association Chicago/Turabian

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010. APA

DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from Author Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010. APA

DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from Author Date Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010. APA

DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from Author Date Title of Article Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010. APA

DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from Author Date Title of Article Journal Title Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010. APA

DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from Author Date Title of Article Volume Journal Title Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010. APA

DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from Author Date Title of Article Volume Issue Journal Title Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010. APA

DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from Author Date Title of Article Volume Issue Journal Title Pages Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010. APA

DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from Author Date Title of Article Volume Issue Retrieved from certain database Journal Title Pages Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010. APA

MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Stanley, Julia P. “’Correctness,’ ‘Appropriateness.’ and the Uses of English.” College English, vol. 41, no. 3, Nov. 1979, pp JSTOR, Example from: MLA Handbook. 8th ed New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2016.p MLA

Author Stanley, Julia P. “’Correctness,’ ‘Appropriateness.’ and the Uses of English.” College English, vol. 41, no. 3, Nov. 1979, pp JSTOR, Example from: MLA Handbook. 8th ed New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2016.p MLA

Article Title Author Stanley, Julia P. “’Correctness,’ ‘Appropriateness.’ and the Uses of English.” College English, vol. 41, no. 3, Nov. 1979, pp JSTOR, Example from: MLA Handbook. 8th ed New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2016.p MLA

Article Title Journal Title Author Stanley, Julia P. “’Correctness,’ ‘Appropriateness.’ and the Uses of English.” College English, vol. 41, no. 3, Nov. 1979, pp JSTOR, Example from: MLA Handbook. 8th ed New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2016.p MLA

Article Title Journal Title Volume & Issue Author Stanley, Julia P. “’Correctness,’ ‘Appropriateness.’ and the Uses of English.” College English, vol. 41, no. 3, Nov. 1979, pp JSTOR, Example from: MLA Handbook. 8th ed New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2016.p MLA

Article Title Journal Title Volume & Issue Date Author Stanley, Julia P. “’Correctness,’ ‘Appropriateness.’ and the Uses of English.” College English, vol. 41, no. 3, Nov. 1979, pp JSTOR, Example from: MLA Handbook. 8th ed New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2016.p MLA

Pages Article Title Journal Title Volume & Issue Date Author Stanley, Julia P. “’Correctness,’ ‘Appropriateness.’ and the Uses of English.” College English, vol. 41, no. 3, Nov. 1979, pp JSTOR, Example from: MLA Handbook. 8th ed New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2016.p MLA

Pages Article Title Journal Title Volume & Issue Date Author Stanley, Julia P. “’Correctness,’ ‘Appropriateness.’ and the Uses of English.” College English, vol. 41, no. 3, Nov. 1979, pp JSTOR, Database Example from: MLA Handbook. 8th ed New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2016.p MLA

Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
DeGrazia, David Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (October): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section Chicago/Turabian

DeGrazia, David Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (October): Accessed March 4, Author Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section Chicago/Turabian

DeGrazia, David Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (October): Accessed March 4, Author Date Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section Chicago/Turabian

DeGrazia, David Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (October): Accessed March 4, Author Date Article Title Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section Chicago/Turabian

DeGrazia, David Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (October): Accessed March 4, Author Date Article Title Journal Title Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section Chicago/Turabian

DeGrazia, David Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (October): Accessed March 4, Author Date Article Title Volume & Issue Journal Title Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section Chicago/Turabian

DeGrazia, David Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (October): Accessed March 4, Author Date Article Title Date Accessed Volume & Issue Pages Journal Title Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section Chicago/Turabian

DeGrazia, David Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (October): Accessed March 4, Author Date Article Title Web Address Date Accessed Volume & Issue Pages Journal Title Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section Chicago/Turabian

The volume information The author
What element is incorrect in the following article citation in MLA format? Hudson, Berkley (2007). “The Mississippi Negro Farmer, His Mule, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Racial Portrayals of Sylvester Harris in the Black and White s.” Journalism History 32.4: Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 21 Aug The article title The date The volume information The author

Citation Tools There are software programs that format information for you. Some of them are: EndNote Zotero Microsoft Word 2010

Knowing When and How to Cite Sources - Bibliography
Agar, Michael. Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation. New York: Morrow, “Copyright: School and ‘Fair Use’”. Unabashed Librarian Feb. 1984: Fundamental Values of Academic Integrity Center for Academic Integrity. Web. 6 July 2009 Lindey, Alexander. Plagiarism and Originality. New York: Harper, Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: Modern Language Association,2003. Martin, Wendy. “Emily Dickinson.” Columbia Literary History of the United States. Emory Elliott, gen. ed. New York: Columbia UP,

Knowing When and How to Cite Sources - Bibliography
Martin, Wendy. “Emily Dickinson.” Columbia Literary History of the United States. Emory Elliott, gen. ed. New York: Columbia UP, Merriam Webster’s Dictionary Merriam-Webster. Web. 6 July Riedling, Anne Marlow. Learning to Learn: A Guide to Becoming Information Literate. New York: Neal-Schuman, 2002 Rose, Mark. Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright. Cambridge: Harvard UP, United States. Copyright Office. Summary. Digital Millennium Copyright Act of Pub. L Stat Oct Print.

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