1. The influence of childhood on adult relationships

2. Attachment Disorders Read through attachment disorders on page 58.
Watch the video
Complete the questions at the bottom of page 23 of your booklet

3. Learning Objectives
To understand the influence of childhood on later adult relationships.
Challenge Objective Be able to select appropriate evaluation information for an essay question.
Success Criteria
Watch a video about attachment disorders and answer questions on page 23.
Self assess your essay from last week and give a response to the mark given.
Complete page 23 of your booklet and watch a video to analyse the role of absent fathers in later adult relationships.
Create a case study of Angie that your study buddy can analyse to find the influence of childhood on later adult relationships.
Challenge Criteria Complete the ‘zones of relevance’ grid to carefully select evaluation information for an essay.

4. Parent-child relationships

5. Parent-Child Relationships
Shaver et al (1988) claimed that how we experience love as an adult is shaped through three behavioural systems acquired as an infant. These three systems are:
Attachment – remember Bowlby? Bowlby said that later attachments are a continuation of early attachment styles (secure or insecure). The infant’s primary attachment figure leads the infant to expect the same in later relationships.
Caregiving – how to care for others. This is learned through modelling the primary attachment figure.
Sexuality – learned in early attachment, for example individuals who suffered from avoidant attachment are more likely to view sex without love as pleasurable.

6. Continuity to Adult Relationships
Hazen and Shaver (1987) set out to test the question: “is love in adulthood directly related to attachment type as a child?”
A Love Quiz was placed in a local North American newspaper the Rocky Mountain News
Conduct some research into the Love Quiz, making a note of the method (participants, design etc) and the results.

7. Hazen and Shaver (1987) -Method-
Developed a “love quiz” which was published in a local newspaper.
The respondents were to base their answers utilizing their experiences or thoughts from previous adult-love relationships, infant-caregiver attachment, as well as current beliefs on romantic love .
The questionnaire was divided into three parts.
The first section included statements based on the respondents most important relationship such as “I (loved/love) ______ so much that I often (felt/feel) jealous”
The second section asked if the relationship that was described in section one was current or past; 61% were current romantic relationships, 39% were past romantic relationships
Section three dealt with the subject’s childhood relationships with their parents as well as the relationship between their parents. The subject’s ideas of the typical course of romantic love, was also measured in section three.
Hazan and Shaver (1987) analysed the first 620 (out of 1,200) responses to the questionnaire. They were aged

8. Hazen and Shaver (1987) -Findings-
They concluded that 56% of the respondents were classified as having a secure attachment style, 25% had an avoidant attachment style, and 19% had an anxious/ambivalent attachment style (at the time of questionnaire completion).
They then took their findings of adult attachment styles and compared them to findings (from previous studies) of infant/caregiver attachment styles (62% secure, 23% avoidant, and 15% anxious/ambivalent).
They concluded that their hypothesis were correct; attachment styles found in romantic love can be classified using the attachment styles of Bowlby and Ainsworth’s theories, and the attachment style one experiences in infancy is the same one utilized as an adult in a romantic relationship.
This study solidifies the idea that childhood experiences within their family will repeat in their adult lives. The attachment process in infancy is critical and may decipher that child’s life as an adult.
However, they did concede that not everyone stayed true to their infant attachment style and that some people did change as they grew older.

9. Biology of Dads Watch the video ‘Biology of Dads’
Which group of teenagers looked older? Why?
What is the evolutionary explanation of this?
How many times more likely is a teenage girl to fall pregnant if she does not have a father?

10. Learning Objectives
To understand the influence of childhood on later adult relationships.
Challenge Objective Be able to select appropriate evaluation information for an essay question.
Success Criteria
Watch a video about attachment disorders and answer questions on page 23.
Self assess your essay from last week and give a response to the mark given.
Complete page 23 of your booklet and watch a video to analyse the role of absent fathers in later adult relationships.
Create a case study of Angie that your study buddy can analyse to find the influence of childhood on later adult relationships.
Challenge Criteria Complete the ‘zones of relevance’ grid to carefully select evaluation information for an essay.

11. Relationships with peers

12. Interactions with peers during childhood
Qualter and Munn (2005) found that children learn from their experiences with other children. This gives them a sense of their own value and determines later adult relationships.
Nangle et al (2003) claimed that peer relationships train us for later adult relationships as you have someone to confide in (close friendships are characterised by affection and intimacy – this is very important as an adult as it helps provide you with a feeling of trust, acceptance and feeling understood).

13. Interactions with peers during adolescence
Romantic relationships serve an important purpose in adolescence:
Separation from parents (intense interpersonal energy now focussed on partner)
Emotional and physical intimacy can be gained (which is very different from parents)
Madsen (2001) tested the effects of dating behaviour in adolescence (ages 15-17½) on young adult relationships (ages 20-21). She found that moderate or low dating frequency predicted higher quality young adult relationships, whereas heavy dating predicted poorer quality young adult relationships.

14. Evaluation Continuity to adult relationships

15. Morrison et al. (1997)
Asked college students in the US (151 males, 217 females) to complete a questionnaire describing their current or most recent intimate relationship.
They also completed an attachment style inventory to assess their attachment type (secure, insecure, ambivalent etc).
Students with avoidant or ambivalent attachment styles described more hostility in their intimate relationships than students with secure style.
Those who were more secure also described more interdependence in their relationships.

16. Fraley (1998)
Carried out a meta-analysis and found correlations of 0.10 to 0.50 between early attachment style and later relationships.
Low correlations are explained by the fact that insecure-anxious attachments are unstable.
The stability of attachment types might be affected by current relationships, explaining why married couples are secure.

17. Evaluation Interactions with peers

18. Richard and Schneider (2005)
Found gender differences in relationships. Girls have more intimate friendships.
Found that romantic involvement in early and middle adolescence was associated with a decrease in academic performance and an increase in behavioural problems. This was not the case in later adolescence, so it seems the timing of the relationship is important.
Neemann et al. (1995)

19. **Longitudinal Study** Simpson et al. (2007)
The study by Simpson et al is really important! It ties childhood to adolescence to adulthood.
25 years
78 participants
Studied at 4 key points: INFANCY, EARLY CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE, & ADULTHOOD
Point 1. Caregivers reported attachment at age 1.
Point 2. Teachers rate interactions with peers at age 6-8.
Point 3. At age 16 participants describe own close friendships.
Point 4. Participants’ romantic partners describe relationships.
RESULTS
Expression of emotions as an adult can be traced back to early attachment and relationship experiences.
Participants who were securely attached as infants were rated as more socially competent as children, they were then found to have more friends at age 16, and then more expressive and attached to romantic partners in early adulthood.

20. Task Create a case study for someone called Angie
You will need to include the following in your case study about her relationships:
Strange Situation results from Ainsworth
Notes from Angie’s parents about how she behaved as a child
Notes from Angie’s peers in high school about what she was like as a friend
Notes from Angie’s school boyfriend regarding his experience with her
Notes from Angie’s current romantic partner

21. Challenge Task

22. Learning Objectives
To understand the influence of childhood on later adult relationships.
Challenge Objective Be able to select appropriate evaluation information for an essay question.
Success Criteria
Watch a video about attachment disorders and answer questions on page 23.
Self assess your essay from last week and give a response to the mark given.
Complete page 23 of your booklet and watch a video to analyse the role of absent fathers in later adult relationships.
Create a case study of Angie that your study buddy can analyse to find the influence of childhood on later adult relationships.
Challenge Criteria Complete the ‘zones of relevance’ grid to carefully select evaluation information for an essay.

23. Evaluation Don’t forget you synoptic!
Interesting – but probably not relevant
May be relevant
Definitely relevant
Evaluation of the influence of childhood on adult relationships
Make your own evaluation notes for this section of the topic using the template
Don’t forget you synoptic!

24. Learning Objectives
To understand the influence of childhood on later adult relationships.
Challenge Objective Be able to select appropriate evaluation information for an essay question.
Success Criteria
Watch a video about attachment disorders and answer questions on page 23.
Self assess your essay from last week and give a response to the mark given.
Complete page 23 of your booklet and watch a video to analyse the role of absent fathers in later adult relationships.
Create a case study of Angie that your study buddy can analyse to find the influence of childhood on later adult relationships.
Challenge Criteria Complete the ‘zones of relevance’ grid to carefully select evaluation information for an essay.

25. Homework Create an essay plan for this section of the topic:
Discuss the influence of childhood on adult relationships ( marks)