1. Module 6

2. Good Planar/Hierarchical Layout

3. Poor Planar/Hierarchical Layout

4. Anomaly Mapping
Anomaly mapping means mapping the location of differences from the mean
It can be done with raw data or with normalized data e.g. z-scores

5. Anomaly Mapping
Anomaly mapping means mapping the location and magnitude of differences from the mean.
It can be done with raw data or with normalized data e.g. z-scores.

6. Standard Deviation Classification

7. Z score calculation

8. Single variable Z-score map

9. Example of Anomaly Mapping

10. Example of Anomaly Mapping
Steps to create bivariate anomaly map
Define independent variable.
Define dependent variable.
Tabulate data for x, y.
Compute mean, std. dev
Compute z-scores for x, y.
Subtract zy from zx.
Analyze residuals.

11. Typography on Maps TYPOGRAPHY Functions of lettering
Typography, or lettering is the process of labeling features and choosing a font. On a general reference maps lettering has two basic purposes: to name places, and to label features on the map. For thematic maps lettering has three purposes: to name places, to label features, and to be used for titles, legends, etc.
Characteristics of lettering
One of the characteristics of lettering is typeface. Letters, numbers, and special characters of one specific lettering design define the typeface. Another characteristic of lettering is known as the font. A font is full set of characters of one size of a typeface, for example, Times New Roman -10 point. Placement is another characteristic of lettering. Where you place your text is very important on the map, the text can be distracting to the overall message if placed haphazardly. Spacing of text can be altered to emphasize features.
Serif fonts
Serif fonts have a finishing stroke added to the end of the main strokes of the letter. Serif fonts are easier to read in large blocks of text. Some examples of Serif fonts include Times New Roman, Bookman Old Style, and Georgia.

12. Typography on Maps Sans serif fonts
Sans serif fonts contain no finishing strokes. San serif fonts were conceived for functionality and simplicity. However, they can be difficult to read due to uniform line weights, similarity of letter shapes. Some examples of San serif fonts include: Arial and Helvetica.
Main Concerns in Selecting Type
There are some concerns in selecting type. One concern is legibility. Some fonts are unreadable at certain sizes; other fonts may be too 'fancy' to be read easily. Traditionally, it is best to limit the number of typefaces used on a map to 1 or 2 font types. This helps to reduce the complexity of the map. Remember, one of the goals of your maps should be that the reader could get the general message within about 30 seconds of beginning to look at the map.
If you use too many different font types, it may confuse the reader. Another benefit to limiting the number of font types used is that it helps the map look cleaner. If you are using more than 1 typeface, there should be a reason. Remember to avoid pairing 2 serifs of 2 sans serifs on the same map - styles compete instead of contrast. On simpler maps it is best to use 1 typeface, vary the form (size, style) to provide contrast between features.

13. Typography Size of Type
What does a 12 point font mean? The point system used to determine height of type. The point system is an archaic system of measurement from early days of printing (using metal block type). How is a font measured? A font height is measured from top of highest ascender in font to bottom of lowest descender.
In metal block terms : 1 point = .014Ó, 72 points = 1Ó tall type, soÉ6 pt. = .084Ó. For a page size map (8.5Ó x 11Ó), a lower limit of a 6 point font fairly safe Ð still readable. However, depending on the font used, it may be difficult to understand.
Type Placement and Attributes
Need to consider the most effective way of positioning type on a map. This may take some time. As a general rule of thumb with regards to text placement, do your best to remain constant in your placement. It is important not to allow your labels to overlap, or obscure important information.

14. Typography
For example, when labeling point symbols, if you place your label on the upper right side of the symbol, do that with the rest of your symbols. The exception to that rule would be if the label were to overlap another label or point, then it is acceptable to move that label - do so with care. In labeling linear features try and label above the line. For labels that you may have to rotate to fit on the line, rotate those texts the same amount of degrees in the same direction.
When labeling areas do so on to of the area, if possible use font spacing to make the label stretch across the area. Title text should be large enough to stretch most of the way across the area for the title, take care to ensure that the title does not take away from the map (i.e. the title is too large compared to the map). The legend text should be smaller, but still large enough to be clear.